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Ecology 2227 > Chapter 15 Mutualism > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Mutualism Flashcards

1
Q

Corals coexist with a type of algae called zooxanthellae. Without the algae producing sugars by photosynthesis, the coral polyps (animals) could not survive. This type of relationship would be called ______.

A

obligate mutualism

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria that were likely once separate organisms that evolved into a(n) _____ relationship, and later advanced to the point where both organisms depended upon each other for survival.

A

mutualistic

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3
Q

Which of the following can be involved in mutualistic relationships with plants?

A

Animals

Fungi

Bacteria

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4
Q

Mychorrhizae appear ______ in the evolution of ______ plants.

A

early; terrestrial

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5
Q 
When the mycorrhizal fungus produces exchange sites between plant and fungus, hyphae or fungal filaments, these are called 
 mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
A

arbuscular

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6
Q

Match the term with the best definition.

mutualism
facultative mutualism
obligate mutualism

A

Interactions between individuals of different species that are mutually beneficial.

While the interaction between species is beneficial, it’s not necessary for survival.

Interaction between two species where survival depends on the interaction.

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7
Q

The scientist credited for recognizing that mycorrhizae involve a mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi is named Albert B. ______

A

frank

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8
Q

Work done by Lynn Margulis and colleagues suggest that ______ were originally mutualistic partners with eukaryotic cells, and later became organelles.

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

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9
Q

Mycorrhizae are important to plants because they increase ______.

A

the plant’s access to nutrients such as nitrogen and water

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10
Q

Plants may receive benefits from mutualism, including ______.

A

gaining access to soil nutrients

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11
Q

Which of the following is true concerning mycorrhizae?

A

There is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants.

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12
Q

Mycorrhizae appear in the fossil record around _______ years ago.

A

400 million

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13
Q

In the graph shown, the blue (top) and green (bottom) lines show grass species grown with and without mycorrhizae. The higher water potential shown “with mycorrohizae” may be due to greater plant root growth resulting from greater access to the nutrient _______ provided by the fungi.

A

phosphorus

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14
Q

The image labeled B is an example of what specific type of mycorrhizal fungus?

A

Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)

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15
Q

In an experiment done with red clover, Kay Hardie grew mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi in the presence of unlimited nutrient availability. What were the results of the experiments?

A

Mycorrhizal clover had higher rates of transpiration than nonmycorrhizal clover.

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16
Q

Mycorrhizal relationships were first described by ______.

A

Albert Frank

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17
Q

Which of the following is true concerning condition that may affect the level of mutualism between mycorrhizae and their host plants?

A

Plants release more soluble carbohydrates when they grow in nutrient-poor soils.

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18
Q

Which of the following is not a nutrient that mycorrhizae help plants to obtain?

A

sugar

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19
Q

In the first phase of Nancy Johnson’s work on the effects of soil fertilization on mycorrhizae, unfertilized soil was shown to support higher densities of ______ mycorrhizal fungal species, while fertilized soil supported higher densities of one main species. (Enter a number)

A

3

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20
Q

Fungi that are closely associated with the roots of some plants are called
fungi. They are in a mutualistic relationship with the plant.

A

mycorrhizal

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21
Q

Why were mycorrhizal fungi from both unfertilized and fertilized soil used in the experiment depicted?

A

The characteristics of mycorrhizae from unfertilized soil and fertilized soil might be different.

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22
Q

In the graph shown, the blue (top) and green (bottom) lines show grass species grown with and without mycorrhizae. Which of the following is true?

A

Grass grown with mycorrhizae had higher leaf water potentials than those grown without.

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23
Q

In an experiment done with red clover, Kay Hardie grew mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi in the presence of unlimited nutrient availability. What were the results of the experiments?

A

Results indicated a direct role of mycorrhizae in the water relations of plants.

Mycorrhizal red clover had higher root:shoot ratios than nonmycorrhizal red clover.

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24
Q

In a “less mutualistic” relationship between a plant and mycorrhizal fungus, the fungus would receive a(n) _____ or greater quantity of photosynthetic product in trade for delivery of a lower quantity of nutrient

A

equal

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25
Q

In the first phase of Nancy Johnson’s work on the effects of soil fertilization on mycorrhizae, ______.

A

soil fertilization affected the fungal species present

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26
Q

In the greenhouse studies performed by Nancy Johnson, Andropogon grown with mycorrhizae, nitrogen, and ______ had the highest production of flowers.

A

phosphorus

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27
Q

The diagram shown depicts an experimental design discussed in the chapter. What was this experiment trying to determine?

A

the long-term effects of fertilization on mycorrhizal fungi and plants

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28
Q

True or false: Fertilized soil selects for less mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi.

A

true

Fertilization of the soil allows the plants to not rely on their relationship with fungi as much.

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29
Q

The results of Johnson’s experiments on soil fertilization, mycorrhizae, and plant growth support the
______ model, which proposes that the availability of underground resources and aboveground resources controls plant allocation to roots, shoots, leaves, and mycorrhizae.

A

functional equilibrium

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30
Q

In the greenhouse studies performed by Nancy Johnson, Andropogon (big bluestem grass) with mycorrhizae ______.

A

grew to a larger size regardless of soil nutrient levels

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31
Q

The results of Johnson’s study of mycorrhizae and soil nutrient levels showed that ______.

A

plants receive more benefit from mycorrhizae in unfertilized soil

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32
Q

Acacia ants ______.

A

are highly aggressive defenders of the acacia plants

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33
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the swollen thorn acacia?

A

It produces leaves only during the spring and summer.

CHARACTERISTICS -
It produces Beltian bodies that provide oils for resident ants.

It produces nectaries that are sources of sugars for resident ants.

It has enlarged thorns that act as living space for ants.

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34
Q

The results of Johnson’s study of mycorrhizae and nutrient availability ______.

A

support the functional equilibrium model

suggest that plants growing in fertilized soil will allocate less energy to mycorrhizae

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35
Q

Acacia ants guard the acacia tree and ______.

A

lay eggs in the thorn of the tree

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36
Q

Janzen’s experiments on acacia ants and plant mutualism showed ants ______.

A

significantly improved plant performance

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37
Q

Acacia performance is greater when acacia ants are present. When ants are absent, there tend to be ______ herbivorous insects on the plants than when the ants are present.

A

more

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38
Q

Pseudomyrmex spp. (acacia ants) ______.

A

have good vision

are fast, agile runners

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39
Q

Match the Acacia resource with the benefit it provides the acacia ant.

Beltian bodies

Thorns

Foliar nectaries

A

Source of oils and proteins

Living space

Source of sugars and liquids

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40
Q

True or false: Swollen thorn acacias are only involved in one mutualistic relationship.

A

False

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41
Q

Acacia ants rely on acacia plants for food and shelter, and the plants rely on the ants for aggressive protection from herbivores and other vegetation. This relationship is called ______ mutualism from the perspective of the ant.

A

obligate

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42
Q

The scientists who investigated the possible conflicts between mutualists of the swollen thorn acacia are Nigel Raine, Pat Willmer, and Graham _____

A

stone

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43
Q

Janzen’s experiments on acacia ants and plant mutualism showed ______.

A

sucker survival was significantly higher in the presence of ants

44
Q

Which is one way that competition between pollinators and acacia ant is reduced?

A

Flowers occur on older shoots that ants avoid.

45
Q

Increased plant performance of acacias with ants may be due to ______.

A

less damage done by herbivorous insects

46
Q

Raine, Willmer, and Stone showed that new and older shoots on an acacia plant _______.

A

can be close together

47
Q

Match the mutualistic organism with its benefit for the swollen thorn acacias.

acacia ant
bees
mycorrhizae
bacteria

A

Drives away herbivorous insects from the acacia plant

Pollinate the acacia plant

Increase nutrient uptake from the soil into the plant

Allow for nitrogen fixation

48
Q

Extrafloral nectaries ______.

A

produce nectar and are found outside of the flower

49
Q

The researchers who studied the potential conflicts between mutualists of swollen thorn acacias were named ______.

A

Raine, Willmer, and Stone

50
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?

A

Aspen sunflowers provide living spaces for mutualistic ants.

CORRECT -
Swollen thorn acacias provide lipids to ants via Beltian bodies.

Swollen thorn acacias provide living spaces for mutualistic ants.

Aspen sunflowers provide sucrose to ants via extrafloral nectaries.

Swollen thorn acacias provide sucrose to ants via nectaries.

51
Q

______ shoots on acacia plants produce flowers. Foliar nectaries and Beltian bodies are found on ______ shoots.

A

Older; new

52
Q

Because ants associated with the aspen sunflower can also tend aphids on other _______ species as well as collect nectar from other flower species, they are considered to be facultative mutualist

A

plant

53
Q

Raine, Willmer, and Stone found that in the acacia plant, new inflorescences lack a potential ant attractant (nectar), while they do contain a chemical ______ that deters ants

A

repellant

54
Q

Inouye and Taylor suggested that ants associated with the aspen sunflower protect the flower’s _____ from predators.

A

seeds

55
Q

Nectar-producing structures that are outside of the flowers are called
______ nectaries

A

extrafloral

56
Q

The graph indicates ______.

A

the presence of ants reduces seed predation on aspen sunflowers

57
Q

Both the extrafloral nectaries of the aspen sunflower and a similar structure in the swollen thorn acacia provide the sugar called _______ along with amino acids, to ants.

A

sucrose

58
Q

Aspen sunflower buds are vulnerable to late spring ______, which may keep the relationship between the sunflower and ants facultative.

A

frosts

59
Q

On an aspen sunflower, what structure is the sole source for sucrose?

A

extrafloral nectaries

60
Q

Like mycorrhizal fungi, corals receive ______ from zooxanthellae.

A

organic nutrients

61
Q

Ants on aspen sunflower can protect the sunflower seeds from predation by ______.

A

certain fly species

certain moth species

62
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding the relationship between corals and zooxanthellae?

A

Zooxanthellae are induced to release nutrients when they receive chemical signals from corals.

63
Q

When Inouye and Taylor removed ants from the aspen sunflower, ______.

A

there was more seed predation

64
Q

Zooxanthellae fix carbon through the process of ______. Approximately ______ of this carbon is used by its coral partner.

A

photosynthesis; 90–99%

65
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?

A

Corals produce ammonium through the process of photosynthesis.

CORRECT -
Ammonium is a waste product of protein metabolism in corals.

Corals that harbor zooxanthellae do not excrete significant amounts of ammonium.

Zooxanthellae absorb ammonium from seawater.

Corals that do not harbor zooxanthellae continuously excrete ammonium into their environment.

66
Q

Spring frosts may be beneficial to aspen sunflowers regardless of whether ants are present. What is the benefit to the sunflower that frosts provide?

A

Some seed predators have no place to lay their eggs.

67
Q

Zooxanthellae receive ______ from corals.

A

nutrients

68
Q

When certain crab species protect corals from sea star predation, and the crabs in turn receive food and shelter, this is an example of ______.

A

obligate mutualism

69
Q

Corals induce zooxanthellae to release organic nutrients by ______.

A

releasing chemicals that change the permeability of the zooxanthellae membrane

70
Q

The researcher who studied the efficacy of crustaceans to repel sea star attacks on corals is ______.

A

glynn

71
Q

Compared to most unicellular algae, zooxanthellae produce fixed carbon at ______.

A

a much higher rate than other nutrients

72
Q

In its mutualistic relationship with corals, zooxanthellae seem to benefit most by the acquisition of higher levels of _____ than they would normally have access to.

A

nutrients or nitrogen

73
Q

True or false: The only benefit corals receive from their mutualistic relationship with crabs is protection from large predators.

A

false

Coral tissues are also healthier in the presence of crabs

74
Q

In the mutualistic relationship between crabs and corals, how do the crabs provide protection to the corals?

A

attack the sea stars spines and tube feet

75
Q

Corals provide ______ for their crustacean partners.

A

shelter

mucus high in lipid content

76
Q

The scientist who showed that removing crabs from their coral partners resulted in greater tissue death in the corals is named John ______

A

stimson

77
Q

In the studies done by Stimson, it was determined that _____.

A

corals that harbor crabs produce more fat bodies

78
Q

Keeler’s approach suggests that for a population to be mutualistic, the fitness of ______ mutualists must be greater than the fitness of unsuccessful mutualists or ______.

A

successful

nonmutualists

79
Q

In Keeler’s equation, q represents the ______.

A

proportion of the population that are unsuccessful mutualists

80
Q

In the presence of crabs, coral tissues are ______. They show less death in the deep axils of their branches.

A

healthier

81
Q

Keeler predicts that mutualism should persist in a population when the ______.

A

fitness of successful and unsuccessful mutualists exceeds the fitness of nonmutualists

82
Q

Corals contain large quantities of lipids, much of which is released with the
______ that it exuded onto the coral surface.

A

mucus

83
Q

In the presence of crabs, corals produce more

_____ which act as a food source for the crabs

A

fat bodies

84
Q

Keeler’s approach to representing the costs and benefits of mutualism includes three types of mutualists. Match the type of mutualist with its description.

successful
unsuccessful
nonmutualist

A

Give and receive measurable benefits to another organism.

Give benefits to another organism but do not receive benefits themselves.

Do not give or receive benefits from a partner organism.

85
Q

(H)(1 − A)(1 − D) − IA + ID is the selective coefficient for ______.

A

a successful mutualist

86
Q

In Keeler’s equation for the fitness of mutualists, wmu represents the ______.

A

fitness of unsuccessful mutualists

87
Q

Using Keeler’s selective coefficients to describe the mutualism between ants and plants, D is equal to ______.

A

protection provided to plant tissues by other defenses, such as thorns

88
Q

According to Keeler, mutualism persists between Cape Buffaloes and cattle egrets because the fitness of ______.

A

Cape buffaloes and egrets that are involved in mutualism is greater than those organisms that are nonmutualistic

89
Q

Keeler’s model suggests that ______.

A

plants in a shady forest should be less likely to invest in attracting ants

90
Q

H(1 − D) + ID is the selective coefficient for ______.

A

a nonmutualist

91
Q

Honey badgers provide what service to honeyguide birds?

A

They can open bees’ nests to access honey.

92
Q

Using Keeler’s selective coefficients to describe the mutualism between ants and plants, A is equal to amount of ______.

A

herbivory prevented by ants

93
Q

Which of the following is not one of the researchers who studied the mutualism between honeyguides and humans?

A

Keeler

CORRECT -
Reyer
Isack

94
Q

In Africa, the Boran people are guided to bee nests by the greater
______ These animals in turn receive access to the bee nest.

A

honeyguide

95
Q

While following the honeyguide to a bee nest, the human ______.

A

makes noise to “keep the bird interested”

96
Q

Sunflowers that are subject to high levels of damage from ______ are more likely to invest in nectar and nectaries that attract ants for protection.

A

herbivores

97
Q

The mutualistic association between humans and honeyguides may have evolved from an earlier association of the bird with the honey ______

A

badger

98
Q

The mutualistic relationship between humans and honeyguides was studied by Isack and ____

A

reyer

99
Q

What benefit do honeyguides gain in their relationship with humans?

A

access to bee nests containing food

100
Q

The middle graph indicates that as the distance to a bee’s nest decreases the distances between stops ______.

A

decrease

101
Q

The typical behavior pattern shown by the greater honeyguide begins by the ______.

A

honeyguide flying close to the human and calling

102
Q

What information do the Boran receive from honeyguides?

A

direction to the bee nest

notice of arrival at the nest

distance to the nest

103
Q

When a honeyguide arrives at a bee nest, it makes a few indication calls and then remains _____

A

silent

104
Q

The top graph indicates that if a bee nest is far from the honeyguides’ current location ______.

A

honeyguide stays in sight of the human for a longer period of time

105
Q

Honeyguides alert honey gathers to information on the distance to a bee nest, the ______ the human must travel to arrive at the nest, and notification of when they have arrived at the bee nest.

A

direction

106
Q

When a honeyguide is close to a bee nest, it will ______.

A

increase the frequency of the guiding call

Ecology 2227 (22 decks)

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