Chapter 15 Mutualism Flashcards
Corals coexist with a type of algae called zooxanthellae. Without the algae producing sugars by photosynthesis, the coral polyps (animals) could not survive. This type of relationship would be called ______.
obligate mutualism
Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria that were likely once separate organisms that evolved into a(n) _____ relationship, and later advanced to the point where both organisms depended upon each other for survival.
mutualistic
Which of the following can be involved in mutualistic relationships with plants?
Animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Mychorrhizae appear ______ in the evolution of ______ plants.
early; terrestrial
When the mycorrhizal fungus produces exchange sites between plant and fungus, hyphae or fungal filaments, these are called mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
arbuscular
Match the term with the best definition.
mutualism
facultative mutualism
obligate mutualism
Interactions between individuals of different species that are mutually beneficial.
While the interaction between species is beneficial, it’s not necessary for survival.
Interaction between two species where survival depends on the interaction.
The scientist credited for recognizing that mycorrhizae involve a mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi is named Albert B. ______
frank
Work done by Lynn Margulis and colleagues suggest that ______ were originally mutualistic partners with eukaryotic cells, and later became organelles.
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Mycorrhizae are important to plants because they increase ______.
the plant’s access to nutrients such as nitrogen and water
Plants may receive benefits from mutualism, including ______.
gaining access to soil nutrients
Which of the following is true concerning mycorrhizae?
There is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants.
Mycorrhizae appear in the fossil record around _______ years ago.
400 million
In the graph shown, the blue (top) and green (bottom) lines show grass species grown with and without mycorrhizae. The higher water potential shown “with mycorrohizae” may be due to greater plant root growth resulting from greater access to the nutrient _______ provided by the fungi.
phosphorus
The image labeled B is an example of what specific type of mycorrhizal fungus?
Ectomycorrhizae (ECM)
In an experiment done with red clover, Kay Hardie grew mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi in the presence of unlimited nutrient availability. What were the results of the experiments?
Mycorrhizal clover had higher rates of transpiration than nonmycorrhizal clover.
Mycorrhizal relationships were first described by ______.
Albert Frank
Which of the following is true concerning condition that may affect the level of mutualism between mycorrhizae and their host plants?
Plants release more soluble carbohydrates when they grow in nutrient-poor soils.
Which of the following is not a nutrient that mycorrhizae help plants to obtain?
sugar
In the first phase of Nancy Johnson’s work on the effects of soil fertilization on mycorrhizae, unfertilized soil was shown to support higher densities of ______ mycorrhizal fungal species, while fertilized soil supported higher densities of one main species. (Enter a number)
3
Fungi that are closely associated with the roots of some plants are called
fungi. They are in a mutualistic relationship with the plant.
mycorrhizal
Why were mycorrhizal fungi from both unfertilized and fertilized soil used in the experiment depicted?
The characteristics of mycorrhizae from unfertilized soil and fertilized soil might be different.
In the graph shown, the blue (top) and green (bottom) lines show grass species grown with and without mycorrhizae. Which of the following is true?
Grass grown with mycorrhizae had higher leaf water potentials than those grown without.
In an experiment done with red clover, Kay Hardie grew mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi in the presence of unlimited nutrient availability. What were the results of the experiments?
Results indicated a direct role of mycorrhizae in the water relations of plants.
Mycorrhizal red clover had higher root:shoot ratios than nonmycorrhizal red clover.
In a “less mutualistic” relationship between a plant and mycorrhizal fungus, the fungus would receive a(n) _____ or greater quantity of photosynthetic product in trade for delivery of a lower quantity of nutrient
equal
In the first phase of Nancy Johnson’s work on the effects of soil fertilization on mycorrhizae, ______.
soil fertilization affected the fungal species present
In the greenhouse studies performed by Nancy Johnson, Andropogon grown with mycorrhizae, nitrogen, and ______ had the highest production of flowers.
phosphorus
The diagram shown depicts an experimental design discussed in the chapter. What was this experiment trying to determine?
the long-term effects of fertilization on mycorrhizal fungi and plants
True or false: Fertilized soil selects for less mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi.
true
Fertilization of the soil allows the plants to not rely on their relationship with fungi as much.
The results of Johnson’s experiments on soil fertilization, mycorrhizae, and plant growth support the
______ model, which proposes that the availability of underground resources and aboveground resources controls plant allocation to roots, shoots, leaves, and mycorrhizae.
functional equilibrium
In the greenhouse studies performed by Nancy Johnson, Andropogon (big bluestem grass) with mycorrhizae ______.
grew to a larger size regardless of soil nutrient levels
The results of Johnson’s study of mycorrhizae and soil nutrient levels showed that ______.
plants receive more benefit from mycorrhizae in unfertilized soil
Acacia ants ______.
are highly aggressive defenders of the acacia plants
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the swollen thorn acacia?
It produces leaves only during the spring and summer.
CHARACTERISTICS -
It produces Beltian bodies that provide oils for resident ants.
It produces nectaries that are sources of sugars for resident ants.
It has enlarged thorns that act as living space for ants.
The results of Johnson’s study of mycorrhizae and nutrient availability ______.
support the functional equilibrium model
suggest that plants growing in fertilized soil will allocate less energy to mycorrhizae
Acacia ants guard the acacia tree and ______.
lay eggs in the thorn of the tree
Janzen’s experiments on acacia ants and plant mutualism showed ants ______.
significantly improved plant performance
Acacia performance is greater when acacia ants are present. When ants are absent, there tend to be ______ herbivorous insects on the plants than when the ants are present.
more
Pseudomyrmex spp. (acacia ants) ______.
have good vision
are fast, agile runners
Match the Acacia resource with the benefit it provides the acacia ant.
Beltian bodies
Thorns
Foliar nectaries
Source of oils and proteins
Living space
Source of sugars and liquids
True or false: Swollen thorn acacias are only involved in one mutualistic relationship.
False
Acacia ants rely on acacia plants for food and shelter, and the plants rely on the ants for aggressive protection from herbivores and other vegetation. This relationship is called ______ mutualism from the perspective of the ant.
obligate
The scientists who investigated the possible conflicts between mutualists of the swollen thorn acacia are Nigel Raine, Pat Willmer, and Graham _____
stone
Janzen’s experiments on acacia ants and plant mutualism showed ______.
sucker survival was significantly higher in the presence of ants
Which is one way that competition between pollinators and acacia ant is reduced?
Flowers occur on older shoots that ants avoid.
Increased plant performance of acacias with ants may be due to ______.
less damage done by herbivorous insects
Raine, Willmer, and Stone showed that new and older shoots on an acacia plant _______.
can be close together
Match the mutualistic organism with its benefit for the swollen thorn acacias.
acacia ant
bees
mycorrhizae
bacteria
Drives away herbivorous insects from the acacia plant
Pollinate the acacia plant
Increase nutrient uptake from the soil into the plant
Allow for nitrogen fixation
Extrafloral nectaries ______.
produce nectar and are found outside of the flower
The researchers who studied the potential conflicts between mutualists of swollen thorn acacias were named ______.
Raine, Willmer, and Stone
Which of the following is incorrect?
Aspen sunflowers provide living spaces for mutualistic ants.
CORRECT -
Swollen thorn acacias provide lipids to ants via Beltian bodies.
Swollen thorn acacias provide living spaces for mutualistic ants.
Aspen sunflowers provide sucrose to ants via extrafloral nectaries.
Swollen thorn acacias provide sucrose to ants via nectaries.
______ shoots on acacia plants produce flowers. Foliar nectaries and Beltian bodies are found on ______ shoots.
Older; new
Because ants associated with the aspen sunflower can also tend aphids on other _______ species as well as collect nectar from other flower species, they are considered to be facultative mutualist
plant
Raine, Willmer, and Stone found that in the acacia plant, new inflorescences lack a potential ant attractant (nectar), while they do contain a chemical ______ that deters ants
repellant
Inouye and Taylor suggested that ants associated with the aspen sunflower protect the flower’s _____ from predators.
seeds
Nectar-producing structures that are outside of the flowers are called
______ nectaries
extrafloral
The graph indicates ______.
the presence of ants reduces seed predation on aspen sunflowers
Both the extrafloral nectaries of the aspen sunflower and a similar structure in the swollen thorn acacia provide the sugar called _______ along with amino acids, to ants.
sucrose
Aspen sunflower buds are vulnerable to late spring ______, which may keep the relationship between the sunflower and ants facultative.
frosts
On an aspen sunflower, what structure is the sole source for sucrose?
extrafloral nectaries
Like mycorrhizal fungi, corals receive ______ from zooxanthellae.
organic nutrients
Ants on aspen sunflower can protect the sunflower seeds from predation by ______.
certain fly species
certain moth species
Which of the following is correct regarding the relationship between corals and zooxanthellae?
Zooxanthellae are induced to release nutrients when they receive chemical signals from corals.
When Inouye and Taylor removed ants from the aspen sunflower, ______.
there was more seed predation
Zooxanthellae fix carbon through the process of ______. Approximately ______ of this carbon is used by its coral partner.
photosynthesis; 90–99%
Which of the following is incorrect?
Corals produce ammonium through the process of photosynthesis.
CORRECT -
Ammonium is a waste product of protein metabolism in corals.
Corals that harbor zooxanthellae do not excrete significant amounts of ammonium.
Zooxanthellae absorb ammonium from seawater.
Corals that do not harbor zooxanthellae continuously excrete ammonium into their environment.
Spring frosts may be beneficial to aspen sunflowers regardless of whether ants are present. What is the benefit to the sunflower that frosts provide?
Some seed predators have no place to lay their eggs.
Zooxanthellae receive ______ from corals.
nutrients
When certain crab species protect corals from sea star predation, and the crabs in turn receive food and shelter, this is an example of ______.
obligate mutualism
Corals induce zooxanthellae to release organic nutrients by ______.
releasing chemicals that change the permeability of the zooxanthellae membrane
The researcher who studied the efficacy of crustaceans to repel sea star attacks on corals is ______.
glynn
Compared to most unicellular algae, zooxanthellae produce fixed carbon at ______.
a much higher rate than other nutrients
In its mutualistic relationship with corals, zooxanthellae seem to benefit most by the acquisition of higher levels of _____ than they would normally have access to.
nutrients or nitrogen
True or false: The only benefit corals receive from their mutualistic relationship with crabs is protection from large predators.
false
Coral tissues are also healthier in the presence of crabs
In the mutualistic relationship between crabs and corals, how do the crabs provide protection to the corals?
attack the sea stars spines and tube feet
Corals provide ______ for their crustacean partners.
shelter
mucus high in lipid content
The scientist who showed that removing crabs from their coral partners resulted in greater tissue death in the corals is named John ______
stimson
In the studies done by Stimson, it was determined that _____.
corals that harbor crabs produce more fat bodies
Keeler’s approach suggests that for a population to be mutualistic, the fitness of ______ mutualists must be greater than the fitness of unsuccessful mutualists or ______.
successful
nonmutualists
In Keeler’s equation, q represents the ______.
proportion of the population that are unsuccessful mutualists
In the presence of crabs, coral tissues are ______. They show less death in the deep axils of their branches.
healthier
Keeler predicts that mutualism should persist in a population when the ______.
fitness of successful and unsuccessful mutualists exceeds the fitness of nonmutualists
Corals contain large quantities of lipids, much of which is released with the
______ that it exuded onto the coral surface.
mucus
In the presence of crabs, corals produce more
_____ which act as a food source for the crabs
fat bodies
Keeler’s approach to representing the costs and benefits of mutualism includes three types of mutualists. Match the type of mutualist with its description.
successful
unsuccessful
nonmutualist
Give and receive measurable benefits to another organism.
Give benefits to another organism but do not receive benefits themselves.
Do not give or receive benefits from a partner organism.
(H)(1 − A)(1 − D) − IA + ID is the selective coefficient for ______.
a successful mutualist
In Keeler’s equation for the fitness of mutualists, wmu represents the ______.
fitness of unsuccessful mutualists
Using Keeler’s selective coefficients to describe the mutualism between ants and plants, D is equal to ______.
protection provided to plant tissues by other defenses, such as thorns
According to Keeler, mutualism persists between Cape Buffaloes and cattle egrets because the fitness of ______.
Cape buffaloes and egrets that are involved in mutualism is greater than those organisms that are nonmutualistic
Keeler’s model suggests that ______.
plants in a shady forest should be less likely to invest in attracting ants
H(1 − D) + ID is the selective coefficient for ______.
a nonmutualist
Honey badgers provide what service to honeyguide birds?
They can open bees’ nests to access honey.
Using Keeler’s selective coefficients to describe the mutualism between ants and plants, A is equal to amount of ______.
herbivory prevented by ants
Which of the following is not one of the researchers who studied the mutualism between honeyguides and humans?
Keeler
CORRECT -
Reyer
Isack
In Africa, the Boran people are guided to bee nests by the greater
______ These animals in turn receive access to the bee nest.
honeyguide
While following the honeyguide to a bee nest, the human ______.
makes noise to “keep the bird interested”
Sunflowers that are subject to high levels of damage from ______ are more likely to invest in nectar and nectaries that attract ants for protection.
herbivores
The mutualistic association between humans and honeyguides may have evolved from an earlier association of the bird with the honey ______
badger
The mutualistic relationship between humans and honeyguides was studied by Isack and ____
reyer
What benefit do honeyguides gain in their relationship with humans?
access to bee nests containing food
The middle graph indicates that as the distance to a bee’s nest decreases the distances between stops ______.
decrease
The typical behavior pattern shown by the greater honeyguide begins by the ______.
honeyguide flying close to the human and calling
What information do the Boran receive from honeyguides?
direction to the bee nest
notice of arrival at the nest
distance to the nest
When a honeyguide arrives at a bee nest, it makes a few indication calls and then remains _____
silent
The top graph indicates that if a bee nest is far from the honeyguides’ current location ______.
honeyguide stays in sight of the human for a longer period of time
Honeyguides alert honey gathers to information on the distance to a bee nest, the ______ the human must travel to arrive at the nest, and notification of when they have arrived at the bee nest.
direction
When a honeyguide is close to a bee nest, it will ______.
increase the frequency of the guiding call
