Chapter 7- Endocrine System Flashcards
Hormones are involved in
Growth control, mood, system functions, metabolism, sexual maturity, and reproduction.
{ Illness and stress can vary and affect hormonal levels}
Endocrine glands include the following:
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Thymus and Reproductive Glands
The hypothalamus is located
In the midbrain and controls the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is located:
Below the hypothalamus and secretes hormones that regulate multiple endocrine glands.
The pineal gland is located in:
The brain and secretes melatonin
The thyroid gland is located in the
Anterior neck and secretes T3 and T4
The parathyroid gland is located:
Above the thyroid gland and secretes parathyroid hormones
The thymus glands are located in the:
Neck and secrete hormones that help in T- cell maturation
Adrenal glands are present above:
The kidneys and secrete hormones that control various body functions
Male and female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce:
Sex hormones
Which body functions are controlled by the endocrine system?
Growth, Metabolism, Reproduction
Growth:
Hormones that stimulate growth are controlled by the endocrine system
Metabolism:
Hormones that regulate metabolism are controlled by the endocrine system
Reproduction:
Hormones that regulate reproduction are controlled by the endocrine system
Allergies:
Allergic responses are controlled by the immune system
Digestion:
The process of digestion is controlled by the gastrointestinal system
Which gland if a female reproductive gland?
Ovary
Ovary:
The females reproductive gland that secretes estrogen and progesterone
Testes:
The male reproductive glands
Uterus:
Part of the reproductive system
Fallopian tube:
Apart of the reproductive system
How do endocrine glands release the hormones they secrete?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
The endocrine system releases hormones into the
Blood stream
Endocrine glands secrete hormones that are carried to specific target cells to perform
Action at a cellular level
Anterior pituitary produces
Growth hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Prolactin, Follicle- Stimulating Hormone, And Luteinizing Hormone
Posterior pituitary gland produces
Oxytocin
Pineal gland excretes
Melatonin
Thyroid gland releases
Thyroid hormones
Parathyroid gland releases
Parathyroid hormones and calcitonin
The adrenal cortex produces
Corticosteroid hormones, such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens
The adrenal medulla produces
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Testes secrete
Testosterone
Ovaries secrete
Estrogen and progesterone
Pancreas produces
Insulin and glucagon
Nervous stimulation, endocrine control, and feedback systems regulate
Hormonal production
Feedback systems are a:
Response of the endocrine glands to hormonal imbalance
( assists with regulation of hormone production )
The most common response to hormonal balance
The negative feedback system (function to return body to homeostasis)
How do hormones reach their target cells?
Endocrine glands secrete the hormone, which then attaches to receptor cells
What regulates hormone production?
Feedback systems, Endocrine Control, and Nervous Stimulation
Endocrine control:
When a hormone from one endocrine gland controls the hormone of another gland
Nervous stimulation:
Is required to regulate hormone production
What are examples of a negative feedback system?
- Secretion of insulin in response to elevated blood glucose
- Parathyroid gland correcting an increase in blood calcium levels
Which gland is referred to as the “ master gland”
Pituitary
What are parts of the pituitary gland?
Anterior & Posterior Lobe
Which glands produce sex hormones?
Gonads, Testes, and Ovaries
Which glands are located on top of the kidneys?
Adrenal
Which is an example of a negative feedback system?
An endocrine gland response to a hormone imbalance
Match the hormone of the gland that produces it:
Pineal- Melatonin
Parathyroid- Calcitonin
Adrenal medulla- Epinephrine
Anterior Pituitary- Growth Hormone
How do hormones act on specific target cells?
Target cells allow the hormone to enter the cell and affect cellular function
-Endocrinology
Specialty dealing with endocrine disorders
Endocrinologist
Specialist in endocrinology
Target Cell
A cell selectively affected by a specific agent, such as a drug, hormone or virus.
Endocrine
slow communication via hormones
Nervous
fast communication via nerve impulses and responses
Ductless glands throughout the body
- Ductless glands throughout the body
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Thymus
- Pancreas
- Adrenal glands
- Reproductive glands
Hypothalamus
-Location
Mid-brain
-Functions
Major connection for endocrine system
Works with pituitary gland
- Hormones produced.
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Pituitary Gland aka Hypophysis:
“ The master gland”
Location
Connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum.
Anterior and posterior lobes
Functions
“Master gland” controls other endocrine glands
Hormones
Anterior lobe produces and secretes
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
* Follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH)
* Growth hormone (GH)
* Luteinizing hormone (LH)
* Prolactin (PRL)
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Posterior lobe is nervous tissue; stores/secretes
* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
* Oxytocin (OT)
“ Postivie feedback loop”
Parathyroid Gland:
Location
Back side of the thyroid gland
4 pea-sized glands
Functions
Regulate calcium and phosphorous levels
Hormone secretes
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Adrenal Glands
Location
Top of kidneys
Triangular
Adrenal cortex (outer) and medulla (inner)
Functions
Electrolyte balance, glucose levels, BP
maintenance, anti-inflammation, secondary sex
characteristics, “fight-or-flight”
Hormones produced
Adrenal cortex produces and secretes steroids
*
Adrenal medulla produces and secretes
nonsteroids
* Epinephrine
* Norepinephrine
Thyroid Gland:
Location
On the neck above the collarbone
Butterfly-shaped
Functions
Hormones regulate metabolism, calcium and
phosphate levels
Hormones produces, stored, and secreted
T3
T4
Calcitonin
Pancreas:
Location
Inferior and posterior to the stomach
Has pancreatic islets
Functions (both endocrine and exocrine)
Endocrine
* Blood glucose regulation
Exocrine
* Regulation of pancreatic hormones, secretion of GH,
weight regulation, more being studied.
Pancreas:
Location
Inferior and posterior to the stomach
Has pancreatic islets
Functions- (both endocrine and exocrine)
- Releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine
Endocrine Gland:
Release hormones into the blood
* Blood glucose regulation
Exocrine Gland:
Releases secretions through ducts
* Regulation of pancreatic hormones, secretion of GH,
weight regulation, more being studied.
Hormones secreted by the Pancreas:
Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Ghrelin
“ Negative feedback loop”
Thymus:
Location
In the mediastinum behind the sternum
Function
Hormone stimulates production of maturity of T cells.
Hormones secreted:
Thymosin
Thymopoietin
Gonads:
Known as Primary sex organs
Male- Testes
- Testosterone
Female- Ovaries
-Estrogen
-Progesterone
Pineal Gland:
Located deep with the brain
Secretes:
Melatonin
Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation:
-The goal of hormone regulation is to maintain homeostasis. The following examples demonstrate these three mechanisms.
Nervous System Regulation
Endocrine Control Regulation
Feedback System Regulation
Target Cells:
- each hormone released into the blood stream has specific target cells for action.
- they have specific receptors that attract only certain hormones
Hormone action:
- there are two kinds of hormones.
Nonsteroid Hormones, Steroid Hormones
Prostaglandins:
also, known as tissue hormones, are substances found in many body tissues. They help regulate processes such as respiration, blood pressure, digestive system secretions & reproductive functions.
Nervous System Regulation:
during a stressful, the adrenal medulla releases adrenaline in response to stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system.
Endocrine Control System:
TSH from the arterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid to secrete T3 & T4.
Feedback System Regulation:
a negative feedback loop system example: if the calcium blood level falls below normal the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.
Nonsteroid Hormones:
are made up of protein & amino acids
Steroid Hormones:
are small lipid- soluble (fat- soluble) molecules that attach to a target cell membrane and then pass directly into the target cell.
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Grave’s Disease
What disease involves a malfunction of the adrenal cortex resulting in increased levels of cortisol?
Crushing Disease
The healthcare specialty that studies the glands, hormones, and hormonal effects on the body is called:
Endocrinology
A rare condition that occurs when the hypothalamus and/or posterior pituitary do not produce or release adequate amounts of antidiuretic hormone is called
Diabetes insipidus.
The _________ gland is located deep within the brain and secretes the hormone melatonin.
Pineal
Which gland when stimulated by TSH produces two hormones that regulate the metabolism of the body and its normal growth and development?
Thyroid Gland
____________ is defined as blood glucose levels rising as high as 300 to 750 mg/dL.
Hyperglycemia
Which gland is located in the mediastinum above the heart?
Thymus Gland
The _____________, located in the middle of the brain, is the major connection between the nervous and endocrine systems.
Hypothalmus
A steady state that is created by all the body systems working together to provide a consistent and unvarying internal environment is called
Homeostasis
Which term describes a temporary fall in blood pressure when a person rapidly changes from a recumbent position to a standing position?
Orthostatic hypotension
Which medical term means deterioration or wasting away of muscle?
Atrophy
Which condition is a vision-related disorder of the eyes and vision that causes intraocular pressure:
Glaucoma
The dermis starts to break down as part of the aging process. Which cells are first to decrease in numbers?
Collagen
Which disorder associated with vision is related to or happens during the aging process?
Presbyopia
What term is a decrease in bone mass that causes brittle bones that break easily and is seen in the geriatric population?
Osteoporosis
What is the most common reason for hospitalization of elderly patients?
CHF
What is the medical name for a bedsore that has developed over a bony prominence?
Decubitus ulcer
Which disease or disorder is related to the aging process and affects hearing?
Presbycusis
Which medication contributes to constipation in geriatric patients?
Calcium
Which organ secretes insulin?
Pancreas
Which hormones work together to maintain optimum calcium levels?
Calcitonin and parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
At which week of gestation during pregnancy should a pt be tested for gestational diabetes?
24 to 28 weeks gestation
Which diagnostic test result suggests a diagnosis of diabetes?
Fasting blood sugar 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
Which risk factor is common in or diagnosed with hypothyroidism?
Female over the age of 60
Which treatment is used for a pt with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism?
Oral levothyroxine
Which hormone is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic
Which characteristic of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose levels
Which condition occurs as a result of hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) after puberty?
Acromegaly
Which hormone is associated with acromegaly?
Growth hormone
Where are the receptor sites of steroid hormones located in a cell?
Inside the cell
Which pancreatic disease causes a total lack of insulin production?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Which symptom is common in pt diagnosed with hyperthyroidism?
Exophthalmia
Which endocrine gland is considered a female gonad?
Ovary
Which function does the pancreas perform?
Regulates the level of glucose in the blood
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Posterior side of the thyroid gland
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted by which gland?
Posterior pituitary
Which hormone is produced by the neurohypophysis?
Oxytocin
Which hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis?
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which part of the brain works closely with the pituitary gland, produces hormones, and signals the pituitary gland to release these hormones?
Hypothalamus
Which are principal actions of luteinzing hormone ?
Produces testosterone
Produces progesterone
Which severe complication can develop in a pt with diabetes insipidus?
Dehydration
Which hormone is deficient in a pt who has diabetes insipidus?
Vasopressin
Which endocrine gland dysfunction is suspected in a pt diagnosed with a decreased count of mature T cells in the blood?
Thymus
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Estrogen
Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids
Which describes the location of the glands that secrete parathyroid hormone?
Posterior surface of the thyroid
A pt complains to the MA about sleeping issues. Which hormonal level might be causing this symptom?
Melatonin
Which hormones are secreted adrenal glands?
Androgens
Aldosterone
Epinephrine
Which hormone plays an important role in immune mechanisms?
Thymosin
Which hormones play an important role in the pp pt?
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Which structures are regions of the pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
Adenohypophysis
Which structure secretes the hormone that is associated with diabetes mellitus?
Beta cells of pancreatic islets
Which hormones are known as fight or flight hormones?
Epinephrine
Adrenaline
Which characteristic might be observed in a pt with low levels of epinephrine??
Inability to cope with stress
Which functions are performed by the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?
Assist with lactation
Help in fluid reabsorption
Stimulate the thyroid gland
Which disorder will show a decreased thyroid hormone level in a lab report?
Myxedema
Which hormone level is deceased in a or who has excessive loss of calcium ?
Parathyroid hormone
While assessing a pt, the MA learns that the pt has diabetes insipidus. Which reason does the MA expect to be the cause of this condition?
Insufficient vasopressin
