Chapter 6- Nervous System Flashcards
Neur/o:
Nerves or nervous system
Cerebr/o
Cereblum (LARGE BRAIN)
Crani/o
Cranium
Encephal/o
Brain (CNS)
Cerebell/o
Cerebellum “little brain”
Meningi/o
Meninges
Mengines: 3 layers
1.DuraMater (thickest layer, tough mother)
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater (Delicate fragile)
(Surround the brain and protective coverings)
CNS
Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord)
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
Cerebrum
largest portion of the brain and is divided into w hemispheres by a deep fissure.
Cerebellum
controls balance, equilibrium, posture and muscle coordination
What does the system consist of ?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
The three functions of the nervous system:
Collecting, Processing and Directing
Sensing, Interpreting, and Acting
SAME
Sensory, Afferent, Motor, E
Afferent nerves:
Efferent nerves (motor):
Interneurons:
Myelin Sheath:
a protective insulation, formed by Schwann cells, that covers PNS nerve axon. It helps with the transmission of nerve impulses.
Aura:
Dysphagia:
Paraplegia:
Quadriplegia:
Hemiphlegia:
Neurotransmitter:
a chemical that helps a nerve cell communicate with another nerve cell or muscle.
Sulci: (sulcus)
The groove or depression
gyri: (gyrus)
fold or convolution.
brain matter with a ridges structure
Amnesia:
memory loss
Myelomeningocele:
a protrusion of the meninges trough a gap in the spine due to a congenital defect
Hydrocephalus:
a condition in which there is an obstruction in the normal flow of CSF.
Huntington’s Disease
progressive neurodegenerative disorder
Coma
Concussion
Cerebral Contusion
bruising of the brain
Cerebral Angiography
a medical procedure to visualize blood flow in the body using imaging techniques, like an X-ray
EEG
Electroencephalogram
Evoked Potential test:
LP
Lungbar Puncture
Adherence:
The act of slicking to something
The functioning cell:
Neuron
Specialized cells of the nervous system:
Glial cells
Help to form the blood brain barrier:
Astrocytes
The extension of the cell:
Axon
Regulates body functions such as breathing and digestion:
Spinal nerves
Relays information to and from organs to the face and neck:
Cranial nerves
Carries information to and from the brain through the spinal cord:
Autonomic nervous system
What are functions of the central nervous system?
Carries messages, relays information, and provides protection.
Which statement best describes the normal physiology of the peripheral nervous system?
It is made up of the nerves that exit from the brain and spinal cord,
Progressive loss of elasticity in the artery walls:
Cerebrovascular Disease
Also known as a mini stroke:
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Abnormal electrical impulses in the brain:
Epilepsy
Progressive memory loss and disorientation:
Dementia
What disorder is classified as a central nervous system (CNS) disorder?
Cerebrovascular disease
A fatal disease that destroys the muscles for motor control:
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis
A condition of peripheral nerve dysfunction:
(Mobility disorder, destroys part of a neuron)
Peripheral neuropathy
A condition that causes temporary facial paralysis:
Bell’s palsy
An autoimmune disease that causes deterioration of the myelin sheath:
(Mobility disorder, scatters the nervous messages)
Multiple sclerosis
Which of the following is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Schizophrenia
What is the purpose of a neurologic examination?
to determine if pt has a nervous system problem
What are common diagnostic procedures used during neurologic examinations?
Achilles, Biceps, Triceps, Patellar (ABTP)
How would the MA assist during a neurologic examination?
prepare pt to proper position & prepare instruments for provider
What is the correct order of the procedural steps in assisting during a neurologic examination?
Assemble and prepare the equipment.
Sanitize hands.
Greet the patient.
Instruct the patient to disrobe.
Assist in positioning the patient.
Lesson 1-
Which of the following structures are parts of the central nervous system?
Brain, Meninges, Spinal Cord
Which structures are included in the peripheral nervous system?
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Autonomic nervous system
What structure originates from the underside of the brain?
Cranial nerves
Which of the following statements accurately describes the meninges?
Meninges are a group of membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What are functions of the peripheral nervous system?
Relays information
Carries information
Regulates body functions
The brain consumes ___ % of the body’s total oxygen.
20
What structure carries stimuli from the skin and internal organs to the CNS?
Sensory fibers
What disorder affects 12% of the U.S. population, impacting more women than men?
Migraine headache
What chronic brain disorder is associated with abnormal electrical impulses caused by some of the neurons in the brain?
Epilepsy
Which of the following are the central nervous system (CNS) infections?
Meningitis, Encephalitis
What is the difference between a concussion and a contusion?
A contusion is a more serious injury to the brain, and a concussion is a mild injury to the brain.
A patient experiencing facial paralysis is most likely suffering from condition?
Bell’s palsy
What are characteristics of peripheral neuropathy?
Pain, Muscle Weakness, Sensory Disturbances
Which PNS “condition” is known for having over 100 causes?
Peripheral Neuropathy
Which of the following conditions are considered peripheral nervous system (PNS) pathologies?
Multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy
How is peripheral nerve function evaluated?
Evaluating gait, evaluating movements, and testing muscle strength
What diagnostic test records the patient’s brain wave activity?
EEG (electroencephalogram)
Why is arteriography an important neurological examination?
The exam can determine damage to the arteries
During a neurologic examination, the physician is assessing which of the following?
Emotional status
Intellectual performance
Cognitive ability/ general behavior
Which of the following is a responsibility of the MA during an electroencephalogram?
Explains the baseline procedure
What patient position is assumed for a lumbar puncture?
Left side fetal position
What are the responsibilities of the MA during a lumbar puncture?
Cleanses the rubber top of the vial
What is an EEG performed to measure?
Brains response to stimulation of flicking lights
What structure controls reading, writing, speaking and mathematical calculations?
Left hemisphere
OCA-
The sense of smell is accomplished by which nerve?
Olfactory
Which division of the nervous system can be described as responsible for a fight or flight response?
Sympathetic nervous system
Central nervous system processes:
Impulses and turns them into meaningful information
Parasympathetic nervous system-
Returns everything to normal and keeps the body in a homeostatic state
Which cells help support and protect the neurons?
Neuroglia cells
Neuroglia cells:
Help support, nourish, and protect the neurons
Alveoli:
Are the structural units of the respiratory system: they are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Which part of the brain controls artistic functions, such as drawing, rhythm, and picture memory?
Cerebrum
The right hemisphere of the cerebrum:
controls artistic functions, such as drawing, rhythm and picture memory
The left hemisphere:
Controls verbal function, such as reading, writing, speaking and mathematical problems
Brainstem:
Controls reflexes and serves as a sensory relay station for input coming into the brain from the body.
Which part of the brain controls reflexes and serves as a sensory relay station?
Brainstem
Which cranial nerve is impaired in someone who is having difficulty tasting and swallowing food?
Glossopharyngeal
Glossopharyngeal nerve:
responsible for fading and swallowing of food, any damage to it can lead to issues with tasing and swallowing.
Abducent nerve:
functions for eye movement
Trochlear nerve:
carries impulses for eye movement
Vestibulocoochlear nerve:
may lead to hearing impairment
A medical assistant asks a pt to identify familiar does, such as coffee and tobacco. Which cranial nerve function is the MA evaluating using this examination?
1
Cranial nerve 1:
carries impulses for the sense of smell.
evaluating pt olfactory nerve function.
Cranial nerve 2:
The optic nerve, carries impulses for vision.
Cranial nerve 5: (trigeminal nerve)
carries impulses for chewing and general sensations aldrin the anterior part of the head.
- different between cold and hot objects with left and right cheeks
Cranial nerve 4: (Trochlear nerve)
Carries impulses for eye movement
Hemiplegia is paralysis of which part of the body?
One side of the body
Hemi-
Side
Tetraplegia:
paralysis from the neck down
Paraplegia:
refers to paralysis of the lower trunk and extremities.
Quadriplegia:
paralysis of the upper and lower extremities
The thalamus and hypothalamus are located in which part of the brain?
Diencephalon
Diencephalon:
Located deep in the center of the cerebrum near the superior portion of the brainstem, made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus
regulates body activities and sensory impulses.
Midbrain
responsibe for visual and auditory impulse conduction
Tic douloureux is neuralgia of which cranial nerve ?
Fifth,
What is the seventh cranial nerve?
Facial nerve
Tic douloureux:
severe pain on one side of the face
Cranial nerve 3:
Oculomotor nerve
Which is another term for glial cells?
Neuroglia
Nucleus:
control center of a cell
Neurons:
are nerve cells
Neurilemmas:
membranes of Schwann cells
How many pairs of spinal nerves are located in the body?
31 (spinal peripheral nerves)
How many pair of cranial nerves?
12 thoracic nerves originate from the thoracic region of the spinal cord
Which defines the term gyri?
Ridges along the brain
Which neurologic condition is characterized by pill rolling motions?
(Affects mobility as a result of loads of the neurotransmitter dopamine)
Parkinson disease
Meningitis:
Inflammation of the meninges
Which type of seizure is associated with loss of bowel and bladder control?
Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Simple partial seizures:
Originate in a small, localized area in the brain
The characteristic features of this disease include shaking of an arm or a leg or altered speech, may not show loss of bm and bladder control
Complex partial seizures:
originate in a small area of the brain but cause staring and repeated movements, such as rubbing hands, lip smacking, and swallowing, these do not include loss of bladder control
Generalized petit mal seizures:
include subtle body movements and brief lapses of awareness, they don’t cause loss of bowel or bladder control
Generalized tonic clonic seizures:
Experience loss of bowel and bladder control.
Symptoms of this type of seizure are characterized by tonic or stiffening muscle contractions that are followed by clonic or twitching muscle contractions of the limbs.
Where is the preferred site of needle placement while collecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Subarachnoid space
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap):
is a procedure done to collect CSF. In this examination, a puncture is made in the subarachnoid space, usually between the L4 & L5 vertebrae. The pressure within the subarachnoid space is recorded.
The CSF cushions the meninges; examinations related to the meninges involve a puncture in the subarachnoid space.
Broca’s area of the brain can be located in which of the following lobes?
Frontal
Which is the term for a response to a stimulus?
Action potential
Saltatory conduction:
When an action potential “jumps” from node to node
Refractory period:
the time during which the cell membrane is recovering from depolarization
Excitatory transmission:
the post synaptic membrane depolarizes and initiates the action potential
Which is the basic unit of a nerve?
Neuron
Which neurologic disease destroys the motor neurons responsible for voluntary muscle control, thereby affecting the mobility of a person?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Which part of the central nervous system (CNS) has multiple ridges along its surface?
Cerebrum
Which disease is characterized by by myelin sheath degeneration?
Multiple sclerosis
Cerebral palsy:
results from damage to the cerebrum at the time of birth. it is characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination
Lou Gehrig disease: (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Neurologic disease caused by degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord; medulla and cortex. It is characterized by progressive muscular weakness and spasticity
Parkinson disease:
caused by decreased levels of dopamine in the basal ganglion, which affects voluntary movements. It results in rigidity and tremors
Which cranial nerve originates from the pons and controls heart rate, blood pressure and respiration?
Cranial nerve X
When performing a lumbar puncture, the needle is inserted between which lumbar vertebrae?
Third and fourth
The 12 cranial nerves:
Olfactory
Optic
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
The sensory neurons are responsible for which function?
Transmitting nerve impulses to the central nervous system (CNS)
Which are responsible for supporting, nourishing and protecting the neurons of a nerve cell?
Neuroglia
How many pairs of cervical nerves are present in the body?
8 originate from the cervical region of the cord
How many paid or coccygeal nerves are there?
1 that originates from the cauda equina
A pt reports tremors while walking, along with the inability to write properly. Which area maybe damaged and responsible?
Cerebellum
Five pair of lumbar nerves originate from:
The lumbar region of the spinal cord
Which brain regulates body temp, hunger, and thirst?
Hypothalamus
Which is the cause of a ministroke?
Ischemia in brain trusses for a short time
Which of the following are neurotransmitters?
Serotonin, Dopamine, Epinephrine
Levothyroxine:
Thyroid hormone
Which are lobes of the brain?
Frontal, Occipital and Temporal
Which of the meninges has a cobweb appearance?
Arachnoid
Pia mater:
Inner most membrane
Dura later:
Tough outer layer
Which are the main functions of the nervous system?
Acting, Sensing, Interpreting
Which CNS disease is an infection that usually resolves without treatment?
Viral meningitis
Which can be expected in a pt with hydrocephalus?
Increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure
Which medication is likely to be prescriber to a pt with short term memory loss who often exhibits confusion and disorientation of movements?
Donepezil (Mirapex)
Riluzole (Rilutek)
Reduces damage to motor neurons and prolongs survival
Pramipexole (Mirapex)
Is a dopamine agonist that mimics the effects of dopamine
Gabapentin (Neurotin):
Reduces the frequency and severity of headaches
A pt is diagnosed with hydrocephalus. Which characteristics does the MA associate with this condition?
Accumulation of fluid on the ventricles
Obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Which medical repor finding enables a provider to conclude that a pt with muscular weakness has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ?
Degenerations of the myelin sheaths for the neurons
The autonomic nervous system has which characteristic?
Is part of the peripheral nervous system
a provider prescribes a pt antiviral drugs to treat a CNS infection caused by an infected mosquito that has resulted in increased intracranial pressures which condition might the pt have?
Encephalitis
What describes a synapse?
The microscopic space between neurons
A pt is in a road accident and unable to talk. Which lobe of the brain is affected by the pt?
Frontal
_________ is a neurologic condition in which electrical activity suddenly increases in one or more parts of the brain.
Epilepsy
_______________ is the term used to describe a weakness or slight paralysis of the arms, legs, and trunk.
Quadriparesis
Which part of the nervous system is composed of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the tissues of the body?
Peripheral nervous system
Which nervous system is capable of producing a “fight or flight” response?
Sympathetic nervous system
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Coordinates balance and posture
The ____________ system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
central nervous
Any infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord is called
meningitis.
The spinal cord exits the skull at the
foramen magnum.
Which of the following components of the nervous system is responsible for collecting information from and returning instructions to the skin, voluntary muscles and joints?
Somatic nervous system
Neurology
specialty
Neurologist
specialist
Myel/o
Spinal cord
Home/o
same
inter-
between
-logy
study
-on
structure
somat/o
body
-stasis
stopping, controlling
Difference between dementia & Alzheimer’s?
- people with Alzheimer’s have dementia
