Chapter 56- Asssiting In Microbiology And Immunology Flashcards
Which option is/are single cell prokaryote organisms?
Bacteria
Which medical term is the study of fungi and the diseases they cause?
Mycology
What is a thick walled protective membrane enclosing a cell, larva, or organism?
Protozoal cyst
Helminths are ____ that live in or on other organisms.
Worms
What is another name for rod-shaped bacteria?
Bacilli
_____ is an acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV).
Infectious Mononucleosis
An ingredient used in a laboratory to treat specimens for microscopic examination is called a(n):
Reagent
Which type of bacteria appears in clusters or has a grapelike shape?
Staphylococcus
Which test involves placing a drop of liquid specimen and a cover slip over the specimen to observe it with a microscope?
Wet mount
What are foreign bodies that invade and cause harm to an immune system?
Antigens
How are fungi transmitted?
Direct contact with infected persons; prolonged exposure to a moist environment; inhalation of contaminated dust or soil.
What chemical is used to dissolve non-fungal elements on a microscopic slide of skin scrapings?
Potassium hydroxide
What influences the staining characteristics of bacteria, as well as the environments in which they thrive?
Cell wall composition
What is sputum?
Thick mucus often referred to as phlegm. It is coughed up from the lungs; not saliva that originates in the mouth.
What is an arthopod?
Any animal that lacks a spine, such as insects, crustaceans, arachnids .
What is a vector?
An arthropod that carries disease and transmits to another organism through a blood meal.
What is a transport media?
Media used to keep an organism alive during transport to the lab.
What is a nasal wash?
Also, called a nasal aspirate. A syringe is used to gently squirt a small amount of sterile saline into the nose, and the resulting fluid is collected into a cup, or after the saline is squirted into the nose, gentle suction is applied to obtain the aspirate.
Which type of flu causing virus usually results in milder infection? (Type A or Type B)
Type B
Why are CLIA- waived tests for RSV intended for children under 5?
RSV can cause severe infection, leading to bronchitis and pneumonia in very young children.
What is a titer?
The lowest concentration of a serum solution containing a specific antibody where the antibody is still able to neutralize (or precipitate an antigen)
What is a complication of infectious mononucleosis involving the internal organs?
A swollen spleen or liver, referred to as hepatosplenomegaly
What is a heterophile antibody?
An antibody that has an affinity for an antigen other than the specific antigen that stimulated its production.
How is borrelia burgdorferi transmitted?
Via the saliva of an infected tick when it bites.
What does AFB mean in acid fast staining terminology?
Acid fast bacillus
What is pure culture?
The growth of only one microorganism in a culture or on a nutrient surface.
Streaked for isolation?
To have produced isolated colonies of an organism on an agar plate. Using an inoculating loop, pick one colony and methodically spread it onto solid nutrient media. The goal is to have colonies that are separate from other colonies.
What is 5% sheep’s blood agar plate?
A solid agar medium that contains nutrients and 5% washed sheep’s blood. The blood is added as an extra nutrient source for the bacteria.
CFU?
Colony forming units
What does each colony that grows on a plate represent?
1000 cfu per millimeter of urine
What is true regarding aerobic bacteria?
Bacteria that require oxygen to live are called aerobes.
Bacteria that require nitrogen to live are called:
Nitrogen- fixing bacteria
Cocci:
spherical bacteria/round
Bacilli:
Rod shaped bacteria
Diplo-
Bacteria found in pairs
Sarcinae:
Cocci in arrangements of eighteen or sixteen
What disease is caused by a tick bite?
Lyme disease
Gonorrhea is transmitted by?
Sexually
Cryptococcosis is transmitted by?
By contact with poultry droppings
What hospital acquired (HAI) is caused by cocci?
MRSA infection
Strep throat is caused by:
Direct contact with droplets and is a caused by cocci
Pyloric ulcers is caused by:
Spirilla from possible food and water
Meningococcal is caused by:
a diplococci
What characteristic identifies unusual pathogenic bacteria?
Size
Which disease may have no symptoms?
Nongonococcal vaginitis
Which unusual pathogenic bacterium was previously considered a virus?
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Which organism causes fungal infections?
Candida (can be presented orally during birth)
Lice: Also called Pediculus Humanus
Transmitted through direct contact, clothing and bedding.
Malaria: (Plasmodium species)
America dysentery: (Entamoeba histolytica)
Pin worm: (Enterobius vermicularis)
What is parasitology?
The study of of all parasitic organisms that live on or in the human body.
Where are most parasites identified?
Urine
Sputum
Tissue Fluid
Which disease causes AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
What is the best way to prevent common cold?
Practice good hygiene
What virus causes warts?
Molluscipox virus
Human papilloma virus
Myxovirus is responsible for which virus?
Influenza
Variola is responsible for which virus?
Smallpox
How do viruses multiply?
Utilize the host cell’s organelles to multiply.
Lesson #1-
What are the types of cell wall structures identified by staining?
Acid fast cells
Gram positive cells
Gram negative cells
What term is used for the bacteria that can survive without oxygen?
Anaerobe
Which medical terminology prefix describes bacteria that are found in grape like clusters?
Staphylo
What diseases are causes by bacilli?
Tetanus
Botulism
Whooping cough
Which disease caused by spirilla is sexually transmitted?
Syphillis
Which diseases are caused by cocci?
Pneumonia
MRSA infection
Meningococcal meningitis
Rocky Mountain spotted fever:
Rickettsia rickettsii
Lyme disease:
Borrelia burgdorferi
Typhus:
Rickettsia prowazekii
Inclusion conjunctivitis:
Chlamydia Trachomatis
What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rash
Chills
Headache
Which bacteria cause atypical or walking pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
What are some characteristics of fungi?
Contain a nucleus
Present in soil, air and water
Resistant to bacterial antibodies
Which routes may enable transmission of protozoa?
Feces
Foods
Water
Which diseases caused by protozoon?
Malaria
Giardiasis
Toxoplasmosis
How are parasites transmitted?
Inoculation by arthropod
Ingestion during infective stage
Direct penetration of the skin by infected larvae
Which diseases are caused by parasites?
Lice
Scabies
Trichinosis
Which disease is transmitted by fecal contamination of food and water?
Amberic dysentery
Which infection causes severe rectal itching, restlessness, and insomnia?
Pinworm
Which characteristic is associated with viruses rather than microorganisms?
They are not living by definition
Which diseases caused by viruses affect the skin?
Warts
Smallpox
Vesicles on the entire body:
Smallpox
Flu like symptoms:
AIDS
Outgrowths on skin, especially genitals:
Warts (verruca)
Small pink hair white domes in clusters on the skin;
Molluscum contagiousum warts
Which disease are caused by spirilla?
Lyme disease
Pyloric ulcers
What fungal infection may occur after antibiotic treatment?
Thrush
Antimicrobial-
a general term used to describe drugs, chemicals, or other substances that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Can be antibiotics or antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs or agent.
Asexually-
Describes reproduction that does not involve the fusion of male and female sex cells, such as in plant reproduction, fission, or budding.
Binary Fission:
Asexual reproduction in single celled organisms during which one cell divides into two daughter cells.
Binomial-
A name consisting of a generic and a specific term
Clostridium difficile-
a bacterium that can cause symptoms that range from diarrhea to severe inflammation of the colon (can be fatal) this condition is most seen after antibiotic use.
MRSA-
a gram-positive pathogen that is resistant to multiple antibiotics. (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.)
Nomenclature:
a system of names or terms, used in science and art to categorize items
Norma flora-
Microorganisms) mostly bacteria and yeast) that live on or in the body. Normal microscopic residents of the body
Parasitic-
pertaining to a parasite (an organism that lives on or in another organism, known as the host. Benefits from the host, the host does not benefit from the parasite.
Prokaryote-
Any organism that is made up of at least one cell and has genetic material that is not enclosed in a nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes, primitive organisms.
Protozoa-
single-celled organisms that are the most primitive form of animal life. Most are microscopic. Examples are amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans.
Viral-
Relating to or caused by a virus
Molecule-
the simplest unit of chemical compound that can exist, consisting of two or more atoms held together with chemical bonds
Stain-
reagents or dyes used to treat specimens for microscopic examination.
Endospore-
an inactive form of certain bacteria that can withstand poor environmental conditions. When conditions improve, the bacteria become functional again.
Flagella-
a long, whip-like outgrowth from a cell that helps the cell move.
Eukaryote-
any single-celled or multicellular organism that has genetic material contained in a distinct membrane-bound nucleus
Mold-
a growth of tiny fungi forming on a substance. Often looks downy or furry and is associated with dampness or decay.
Arthropod-
any animal that lacks a spine, such as insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others
Sputum-
Thick mucus is often referred to as phlegm. It is coughed up from the lungs; not saliva that originates in the mouth
Vector-
Arthropod (mosquito, ticks, fleas) that carries disease and transmits to another organism through a blood meal.
Larvae-
immature free-living forms of many animals; develop into the adult form.
Helminths-
a parasitic worm.
Protozoal cyst-
a thick-walled protective membrane enclosing a cell, larva, or organism.
Wet mount-
a glass slide that holds a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid for microscopic examination.
Extraction-
a process by which a specific substance is substance is separated from a group or solution.
Heterophile antibody-
an antibody that has an affinity for an antigen other than the specific antigen that stimulated its production.
Serologic-
pertaining to the science involving the immune properties and actions of serum
Opportunistic infections-
microorganism
Pure culture-
the growth of only one microorganism in a culture or on nutrient surface.
Guaiac fecal occult blood test-
a test for occult blood where glacial and guaiac are mixed in the specimen
When is the best time to collect a specimen from a pt for microbiology testing?
In the acute of an illness
Before antibiotics are prescribed
While collecting specimens for microbiology testing, how are environmental and pt contamination avoided?
Providing proper pt instruction
Which safety measures should be taken to prevent contamination when a courier transports a specimen?
Mark with warning labels
Package in a leak proof container
When is the best time for blood culture specimens to be collected?
While the pt is having a febrile episode
What is the proper way to collect a specimen from the eye?
Pull the lower eyelid down while gently collecting exudate along the rim.
CLIA:
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
Which are CLIA-waived microbiology tests?
Rapid strep test
Influenza A and B rapid test
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test
What is the first step while performing CLIA-waived microbiology tests?
Review the package insert provided by the manufacturer.
Which are CLIA-waived immunology tests?
Lyme disease antibody test
Infectious mononucleosis test
Helicobacter pylori antibody test
What is the first step when performing a rapid infectious mononucleosis test?
Allow the test kit to come to room temperature and check the expiration date.
What information needs to be included on the label of a transport device?
LESSON 2
Pt name
Time of collection
Source the specimen
Why is it important to check the storage and transport instructions for specimens?
Some organisms die if exposed to refrigerator temperatures.
Why is it important to collect microbiology specimens in the proper transport device?
The device must be able to prevent the organism from multiplying.
The device must be able to provide the conditions that permit the organism’s survival.
What areas of the throat should be swabbed when collecting a throat specimen?
Tonsils, Pharynx
What type of culture should be transported immediately on ice to the laboratory?
Chlamydia
Collect from a deep cough; do not collect saliva.
Sputum
Prefer needle aspiration to swab collections.
Body fluids
Insert swab approximately 1-inch past anal sphincter.
Rectal swab
Wait for 7–10 days if a patient has been taking Pepto-Bismol.
Ova and parasites
What patient preparation is indicated prior to the collection of a sputum specimen?
The patient should rinse or gargle with mouthwash before collection.
Why does a negative rapid strep test result need to be confirmed by a throat culture?
The S. pyogenes organism may not have been present in sufficient numbers to detect by a rapid test.
What treatment decision is influenced by the result of a rapid influenza test?
Antiviral medication
Why is rapid RSV testing beneficial?
To ensure a shorter hospital stay
To reduce the need for antibiotic therapy to treat secondary bacterial infection
To begin treatment in order to prevent the infection from progressing to the lower respiratory trac
Which CLIA-waived microbiology tests require a nasopharyngeal swab for the collection of the specimen?
Influenza A and B test
Respiratory syncytial virus test
What type of specimen is used to detect the presence of antibodies in “indirect” immunologic tests?
Blood or serum
Which is a proper quality control result for the QuickVue+ infectious mononucleosis test?
Line present in the ‘Test Complete’ window; line present in the ‘Read Result’ window for positive control
What device is used to collect a specimen for a rapid strep screening test?
Rayon swab provided in the kit
How much time should pass before reading the results of the rapid strep test and rapid mono test?
5 minutes
Pathogenic Helminths:
Helminths are parasites called worms
- Live on or in another living organism.
Pathogenic Parasites:
Parasitology includes the study of all parastic organisms that live on or in the human body.
- Parasites are frequently identified in feces, blood, urine, sputum, tissue fluid or tissue biopsy.
Pathogenic Viruses:
- Many scientists do not consider viruses to be microorganisms because they are NOT alive.
- Viruses are not able to metabolize/ reproduce unless the are inside of a host cell,
- Viruses are also considered obligate intracellular pathogen.
Guidelines for Specimen Collection:
-Specimens must be collected carefully so that contaminating microorganisms are not introduced into the specimen.
-Use sterile collection technique
- Pt’s must receive clear instructions if collecting a specimen on their own.
Handling & Transporting:
-Transport of specimens to a lab is crucial.
- There are different types of transport devices: Plastic tube w/ sterile darcon swab, sealed vial of transportation.
- Must pay close attention to proper use!
- Must pathogenic organisms prefer body temperature, approximately 37 C. Will remain viable for up tp 72 hours if held @ room temp.
Stool Specimen Collection:
A wet mount is used on a side to observe moving organisms.
Pinworm Collection:
AKA “Enterobius vermicularis
- Eggs hatch in the small intestine, & females migrate out of the anus, usually @ night to deposit the eggs.
Nasal & Nasopharyngeal Specimen Collection:
- obtained for several respiratory tests. EX: Covid
- Three types of collection:
Anterior Nasal Specimen
Mid Turbinate Specimen
Nasopharyngeal Specimen
Sputum Specimen Collection:
Sputum cultures may be ordered when pts have symptoms that may be related to infectious respiratory disease.
Which characteristic does streptococcus pyogenes exhibit when cultured on a 5% sheep’s blood agar?
Beta hemolysis
Which disease is transmitted through the bite of an anopheles mosquito?
Malaria
Which microorganisms normally live on the skin and usually do not cause disease?
Normal flora
Normal flora-
Microorganisms that normally live on the skin and usually don’t cause diseases.
Aerobic-
microorganisms that usually grow best in an environment with oxygen
Colonies:
A group of animals of the same type living together or a group of organisms grown from a single parent cell
Anaerobic-
microorganisms that grow best in an environment without oxygen
What type of organism is yeast?
Fungi
Viruses-
smallest known infectious agent
Bacteria:
microscopic living organisms, usually once celled, that can be found everywhere.
Parasite:
an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense
Which bacteria cause Lyme disease and can be detected by a serum analysis?
Spirochete
Which statement accurately describes diseases caused by microorganisms?
Botulism is caused by a bacillus that is transmitted by improperly cooked canned foods.
Which phrase describes the way streptococcus bacteria look when viewed by 100x oil magnification?
Spherical in chain formation
A pt diagnosed with Rickettsia infection wants to know more about rickettsiae. Which info is accurate and will be relayed to the pt?
Are transmitted by insects
Which infections diseases are transmitted by blood-sucking insects?
Malaria & Rickettsia
Which organism lives in the intestinal tract and is a common cause of urinary tract infections as a result of the spread of bacteria from the rectum to the urethra?
Escherichia coli
CLIA waved rapid immunochromatographic assay for RSV is intended for pt’s under?
5
How many colony-forming units per ml represent each bacterial colony that grows on the culture plate streaked with a urine sample?
1000 cfu
Before a fungal sample is viewed under the microscope, it would be treated with which chemical?
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
( makes the fungal elements easier to observe)
Which microorganism infection can be prevented by avoiding tick-infested areas?
Borrelia Burgdorferi
Which collection method is used to collect Enterobius vermicularis in the home setting?
Cellulose Tape
Which infection causes pinworm disease?
Enterobius Vermicularis
Which type of bacteria causes Lyme disease, syphilis, and pyloric ulcers?
Spirochetes
Which microorganism may be treated with antibiotics?
Bacteria
Which is the purpose for using positive and negative controls while performing a mononucleosis test?
To ensure proper functioning of reagents
Which bacteria are shaped like a spiral?
Spirochete
Which pathogen causes “walking pneumonia”?
Mycoplasma
Why does a MA use a tongue depressor when collecting a throat specimen?
To achieve better control of the swabbing process.
Which type of bacteria is a spirilla and is also referred to as a spirochete?
Treponema Pallidum
Which bacteria shape is responsible for causing syphilis infection?
Spirilla
Which immunology test is out of scope for a MA?
Blood typing and cross matching for transfusion
Which statements about bacteria are true?
- Some bacteria have flagella that help them move.
- Gram- positive cells stain blue/violet when stained with Gram stain.
To perform a urine culture, a MA takes the urine in the inoculation loop, spreads it on the medium, and incubates at
37 Degrees C (98.6 F) for 18-24 hours; pathogens survive and grow best at normal human body temp.
In which location are the normal flora present and responsible for a role in synthesizing vitamin k, which is necessary for blood clotting?
Intestinal tract
Which specimens are used to identify the presence of HIV antibodies?
Blood, Saliva
Which test may be used to confirm the diagnosis of infectious mono in a pt?
Quickvue+
Which bacterial pathogen is unusual in structure and does not have PG in the bacterial cell wall?
Mycoplasma
Which are complications of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Scarlet fever, Rheumatic fever, Glomerulonephritis
Which functions are performed by beneficial microorganisms that are also known as normal flora?
Digesting food
Making nutrients available to the body
Vitamin K being used in the clotting
What color gram positive cells stain?
Blue/violet when stained with Gram stain and gram negative cells stain pinkish red.
Spiral shaped bacteria:
Spirilla
Strepto-
is used when bacteria are found in a chain formation
Staphylo-
Is used when bacteria are found in grape like clusters.
Rickettsiae:
transmitted by blood sucking insects. They are tiny gram negative bacteria that stain pink with Gram stain.
Syphilis is caused by:
Treponema pallidum and can be prevented by using barrier protection during intercourse
Campylobacter jejuni:
causes food poisoning and sanitary food, water, and milk preparation is the best safeguard for prevention.
Pseudomonas aerguinosa:
Which causes uti by ascending the urethra
