Chapter 7-Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Growth Patterns

Answer 1

Ages from 2 to 6 years are referred to as early childhood or preschool years.
Physical growth is slower than in infancy

Question 2

Height and Weight

Answer 2

Growth rate slows during preschool years

Question 3

Development of the Brain

Answer 3

Brain develops more quickly than any other organ during childhood, needs nutrition
Brain is 75% of adult weight
Body weight is 1/5

Question 4

Development of brain increase

Answer 4

Increases in brain size due to myelination of nerve fibres
Completion of myelination of neural pathways

Question 5

Brain Development and Visual Skills

Answer 5

ages of 4 and 7 parts of the brain involved in ability to sustain attention and screen out distractions

Question 6

Right handed individuals

Answer 6

left hemisphere- intellect requires logical analysis, problem solving and computation

Question 7

Right hemisphere

Answer 7

Visual spatial functions (puzzles), aesthetic and emotional response

Question 8

Plasticity of the Brain

Answer 8

Different parts of the brain have specialized functions; injury causes loss in fiction

Question 9

Plasticity

Answer 9

Brains ability to compensate fro injuries to particular parts of the brain

Question 10

When is plasticity at its greatest?

Answer 10

at 1 to 2 years of age; preschoolers with damage to language areas can overcome them due to plasticity
Sprouting- growth of new dendrites

Question 11

Gross Motor Skills

Answer 11

Involves large muscles used in locomotion, like balancing on one foot,

Question 12

What is crucial to postive life-long cognitive development?

Answer 12

Motor development

Question 13

Physical Activity

Answer 13

preschools spend 25 hours or moe per week in large muscle activity, more physical play like grasping, banging, and mouthing objects

Question 14

When does motor activity level decline?

Answer 14

after 2 to 3 years of age

Question 15

Rough and Tumble Play

Answer 15

running, chasing, fleeing, wrestling, hitting with an open hand, laughing and making faces
not aggressive behaviour like hitting
helps develop physical and social skills

Question 16

Active Parents have Active Children

Answer 16

protects against obesity
parents are role models

Question 17

Fine motor skills involve what?

Answer 17

involve small muscles in manipulation and coordination, controlling of wrists and fingers

Question 18

Development of drawing is related to what?

Question 19

Handedness

Answer 19

emerges during infancy

Question 20

Nutrition

Question 21

Major Illnesses

Answer 21

advances in immunixzation and development

Question 22

How much does a toddler need to sleep?

Answer 22

12 to 14 hours, consisitency is important

Question 23

lack of sleep can cause?

Answer 23

behavioural changes, aggressiveness, crying often and acting inapporopaitely

Question 24

Sleep terrors?

Answer 24

more severe than nightmares, occur during sleep, due to any stressor, insomnia can develop, can wake with a surge in heart and respiration rates

Question 25

sleepwalking?

Answer 25

occurs during sleep, onset age 4 to 8, rearranging toys, goes to the bathroom

Question 26

elimination disorders

Question 27

enuresis

Answer 27

inability to control the bladder

Question 28

bed-wetting

Answer 28

nightime pee

Question 29

encopresis

Answer 29

lack of control over poopin

Question 30

Jean Ligaments Preoperational stage

Answer 30

cognitive development last from ages 2-7
-uses symbols to represent objects

Question 31

symbolic or pretend play

Question 32

egocentrism

Answer 32

preoperationl children won’t look at someone else persepctive

Question 33

Precausal

Answer 33

know the nautical causes of an event but reasons are based on egocentriciakky and not science based

Question 34

Transducitve reasoning

Answer 34

children reason by going from one specific isolated event to another

Question 35

animism

Answer 35

children attribute life and intentions to inanimate objects

Question 36

artificalism

Answer 36

children assume environmental faccrprs such as rain and thunder have been designed and made by people

Question 37

conservation

Answer 37

two beakers the same, one taller one shorter even have the same volume

Question 38

class inclusion

Answer 38

including new object or categories into broader classes so we can assoiciate into our brains

Question 39

scaffolding

Answer 39

temporary support provided by parent or teacher, take it away as when you don’t need it

Question 40

zone of proximal development

Answer 40

children teach a sibling how to do something

Question 41

theory of mind

Answer 41

putting yourself in someone else shoes

Question 42

origins of knowledge

Question 43

appearance vs realty distinction

Answer 43

children need to learn real events versus fantasies
doesn’t occur til 7 or 8
3 years don’t understand what mental state they are ink, if hungry want milk they dint know that

Question 44

when can children remember events from 1.5 years ago

Answer 44

age 4

Question 45

autobbirgrpahical memiory

Answer 45

photographic memory

Question 46

factors that impact memory?

Answer 46

parents, interestlvel, cue or reminders

Question 47

rehearsal

Answer 47

memory stagey being repetion begins at 5, putting things into categories, might count or verballize info

Question 48

language developemrt

Answer 48

preschool learns an average of 9 words a day

Question 49

pragmatics

Answer 49

pratrcioal application of language

Question 50

fast mapping

Answer 50

process where a child quickly attaches a new word to its appropriate concept

Question 51

language and cognition

Question 52

vygostky

Question 53

inner speech

Answer 53

palling and self regulation