Chapter 11: Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development Flashcards
What is puberty?
primary sex characteristics
in girls: ovaries, vagina, uterus, etc.
in boys:testes, prostate gland
asynchronous growth
different parts of the body grow at mature rates; hand and feet before legs and arms
secular trend
children
changes in boys
pituitary gland stimulates the testes to increase the output of testosterone, which leads to further development of male genitals
changes in girls
pituitary gland signals ovaries to vastly increase estrogen production at puberty
menarche
occurs between ages 11 and 14, girls with more body fat sooner menstruation, whereas less body fat longer wait
negative side of early-maturing boys
it can increase aggression, abuse of alcohol, etc. but have a higher self esteem
early-maturing girls
awkward among their peers, may face sexism or harassment
who is more prone to eating disorders
girls
anorexia nervosa
life threatening eating disorder characterized by extreme fear of being too heavy, dramatic weight loss, distorted body image
drop 25% or more weight in a year, triggers problem swift endocrine system that could prevent ovulation, and also maybe problems in repository and cardiovascular system
anorexia nervosa are at high risk of what ?
they are at risk for premature development of osteoporosis
bulimia nervosa
cyclical binge eating and purging after dieting, vomiting, strict dieting or fasting, and a demanding exercise regime
what can bulimia nervosa lead to?
leads top irregular menstrual cycle and tends to afflict women during adolescence and young adulthood, associated with depression
formal operations stage
includes ability to reason, classify objects and ideas, and engage in logical thought
adolescents develop the concept of “what might be”
hypothetical thinking
adolescent egocentrism
imaginary audience, placed at centre of fantasies
personal fable
belief that one’s thoughts and emotions are unique and special, connected to behaviours such as showing off and risk-taking
verbal ability
includes reading, spelling, grammar, oral comprehension and word fluency
girls faster the males
visual-spatial abilty
ability to visualize objects or shapes, mentally manipulate and rotate them =, boys by age 8 or 9 outperform girls in visual and spatial ability, du ego sex hormones or environment factors, like boys and legos
mathematical ability
no sex difference in math standardized tests
Kohlberg: the post conventional level
moral reasoning is based on a persons own moral standards, and is derived from personal values
stage 5
Legalistic and contractual; laws stem from agreed-upon procedures, and many rights have great value and should not be violated; 20 percent of adolescents
stage 6
Based on universal ethical principles of human life, individual dignity, and reciprocity (behaviour that is consistent with these principles is considered right); 5 percent of adolescents
dropouts
Dropouts are more likely to be unemployed and have low incomes; they are more likely to develop delinquency, criminal behaviour, and substance abuse.
career development
Career aspirations become more realistic as children mature and gain experience.
holland’s career typology
Matches six personality types (realistic, investigative, artistic, socially oriented, enterprising, and conventional) to various careers; some require more sophisticated training and education.
pros and cons of adolescent employment
Potential benefits of employment include: developing a sense of responsibility, self-reliance, and discipline; learning to appreciate the value of money and education; acquiring positive work habits and values; enhancing occupational aspirations; there could be a work–school balance
