Chapter 7: Development Stuff

Question 1

Cell Bodies in the PNS are the

Answer 1

Neural Crest

Question 2

Neural Groove becomes

Answer 2

neural tube (entire nervous system)

Question 3

Germ layers:

1. Endoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Ectoderm

Answer 3

1. Viscera (organs)
2. Bones/muscles
3. Skin, nervous system

Question 4

Primary Neurulation

Answer 4

neural plate becomes neural tube brain and spinal cord to lumbar levels

Question 5

16 days post fertilization

Answer 5

notochord forms from mesoderm, is important for induction causes overlying ectoderm to form neural plate

Question 6

Day 18-
Day 20-
Day 24-
Day 26-

Answer 6

Neural fold forms
Neural folds contact (zipper like cervical levels)
Anterior Neuropore
Posterior Neuropore

Question 7

Secondary Neurulation

Answer 7

Day 20-42: Sacral and Coccygeal levels of spinal cord

Question 8

Secondary Neurulation continued: 
Neural Canal --> 
Alar Plate -- >
Basal Plate --> 
What separates the alar and basal plates?

Answer 8

Neural canal becomes ventricles

Alar –> dorsal (sensory) (ADS)
Basal–> Ventral (motor) BVM

Sulcus limitans is the main groove that separates the plates

Question 9

Anencephly

Answer 9

Anencephly (no brain) if the anterior neuropore fails to close.
Minor version results in cleft lip/cleft pallet.

Question 10

Spina Bifida

Answer 10

Posterior Neuropore fails to close (hole is lower spinal cord)

Question 11

Secondary Neurulation error

Answer 11

defects result in loss of sensation to leg/feet and bladder control

Question 12

Motor axons from cortex synapse ____ and project to ______. Motor axons (efferents) from cortex cross (descussate) in _____. Where is motor info processed?

Answer 12

In the pons; to cerebellum
Descussate in medullary pyramids
Processed in Pyramids

Question 13

Spinal Cord differentiation: 
1. \_\_\_ \_\_\_ tube
2. Gray matter: 
3. 3 types of columns
White matter in the spinal cord is what

Answer 13

1. caudal neural tube
2. Dorsal horns (sensory); ventral horns (motor)
3. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns
   Dorsal: somatic info through spinal cord to medulla where it crosses
   Lateral: corticospinal tract

White matter is axons

Question 14

Medulla

Answer 14

controls breathing, HR, BP, digestion

Question 15

Pons

Answer 15

motor relay to and from cerebellum

Question 16

Midbrain

Answer 16

Vision, audition, eye movement, body movement

Question 17

What 3 things make up brainstem?

Answer 17

Medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 18

Diencephalon

Answer 18

Thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus

homeostasis, emotions, hunger, circadian rhythms, sensory motor integration

Question 19

Thalamus

Answer 19

Cortex, BG, hippocampus, amygdala,

thought, voluntary movement, language, reason, perception

Question 20

The Ventricular (CSF) system arise from

Answer 20

Cavity of neural tube called neural canal

Question 21

What secretes CSF?

Answer 21

Choroid Plexus

Question 22

What is between LV and 3rd V?

Answer 22

Intrerventricular foramen

Question 23

What is between 3rd V and 4th V

Answer 23

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 24

Choroid Epithelial cells are specialized to do what

Answer 24

Control flow of molecules into CSF

Question 25

Basal Lamina in capillary: Endothelial cells of capillaries have ______ that allow for exchanges of molecules between extracellular fluid and blood.

Answer 25

Fenestrations

Question 26

What happens if cerebral aqueduct is blocked? What can you do to fix it?

Answer 26

Hydrocephalus, water on the brain, put in shunt to fix it

Question 27

What are specializations of walls of the brain capillaries that limit the flow of ions drugs , etc. in extracellular space?

Answer 27

BBB

Question 28

BBB is made of ___ cells surrounded by what?

Answer 28

Endothelial cells Basal lamina

Question 29

What kind of molecules can pass BBB?

Answer 29

Small Higher Lipid soluble Low electrical charge

Question 30

Functions of BBB

Answer 30

1. Protect brain from foreign substances | 2. Maintain constant environment

Question 31

What type of junctions of endothelial cells form?

Answer 31

Tight junctions

Question 32

The superior sagitall sinus runs ____ around the brain. The inferior sagitall sinus is at the base of ____ ____ surrounding corpus C.

Answer 32

dorsally Fax cerebri

Question 33

Name all the circumventricular organs. (areas with no BBB)

Answer 33

1. Pineal Body 2. Area Postrema 3. Subfornical Organ 4. Vascular organ of lamina terminalise (OVLT) 5. Median Eminence VAMPS

Question 34

Pinal Boy

Answer 34

melatonin | Circadian rhythms

Question 35

Area postrema

Answer 35

Vomiting center, caudal portion of 4th ventricle

Question 36

Subfornical organ

Answer 36

Regulation of body fluids

Question 37

VOLT (Vascular organ of LT)

Answer 37

Chemosensory area

Question 38

Median eminence

Answer 38

Anterior pituitary hormones