Block 2 Exam: Taste and Olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

4 properties of stimulus

A
  1. Modality- which sensory neurons are activated
  2. Location-sensory regions organized according to incoming signals. Adjacent sensory input is processed in adjacent columns.
  3. Duration- encoded by duration of AP
  4. Intensity- encoded by # of AP (or fibers activated)
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2
Q

Labelled Line

A

coding model in which peripheral neurons that respond the most robustly to a given sensory modality carry the information via segregated pathways (wire from periphery to cortex).

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3
Q

Ensemble Code

A

stimulus and intensity are encoded by ensembles of broadly-tuned neurons.

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4
Q

Sweet triggered by

A

Sugars T1R2/T1R3

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5
Q

Bitter triggered by

A

organic ions; TAS2R/T2R5

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6
Q

Umami triggered by

A

organic ions; T1R1/T1R3

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7
Q

Sour trigged by

A

H+ ions(pH); Pkd211-DTA

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8
Q

Salty trigged by

A

Na+ ions;

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9
Q

Oleogustus trigged by

A

fatty acids; GPR40/GPR120?

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10
Q

ATP is NT for

A

Sweet, Umami, Bitter

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11
Q

Serotonin is NT for

A

Salty and Sour

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12
Q

Each papillae has ____ taste buds. Taste buds have _____ receptor cells.

A

Papillae has 1-100 taste buds.

Taste bud have 50-150 receptor cells

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13
Q

Taste: binding of substrate either

A
  1. Depolarizes taste receptor allowing for Ca2+ influx

2. Causes release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.

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14
Q

General Bitter Sweet Umami pathway

A

Alpha-gustduclin –>
PL-Beta-2 – >
IP3 –> Ca2+ –> Na+ influx –> NT Release on afferent axons.

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15
Q

Taste Pathway:

Anterior tongue/Posterior tongue/Epiglottis —> ________ –> _____ (thalamus) —> ______

A

Tongue –> Gustatory nucleus –> VPN thalamus –> Gustatory cortex

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16
Q

Where is primary gustatory cortex located?

A

above lateral fissure, within insular cortex

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17
Q

What cranial nerves (taste) go medulla –> gustatory nerves of solitary tract -> VPM of thalamus

A

Cranial Nerves 7, 9, 10

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18
Q

Papillae- carry ___ ___, which have various taste cells, which release NT on gustatory afferent axons.

A

Taste buds.

19
Q

What causes NT release in afferent axon?

A

brainstem Ca2+ signal

20
Q

Taste:
Primary afferents axons go to ____.
Secondary afferent axons send info to ____.

A

Brainstem

Thalamus –> gustatory cortex (insular cortex, in the lateral fissure)

21
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

A

anterior tongue; salty/sour

22
Q

Cranial Nerve 9

A

back of the tongue; bitter/acid

23
Q

Cranial Nerve 10

A

epiglottis and throat area; acid (acid more back of throat)

24
Q

Evidence for ensemble coding in taste cells

A

cranial nerves carry various taste sensations

25
Q

Cranial Nerve 7 goes to…

A

CT: Branch of facial nerve (mostly salty/acid)
GSP: branch of facial nerve
(mostly acid/bitter)

26
Q

Cranial Nerve 9 goes to…

A

GP: glossopharyngeal nerve (mostly sweet/acid)

27
Q

Cranial Nerve 10 goes to…

A

SLN- branch of vagus

mostly acid/water

28
Q

Taste evidence for labelled line coding…

A

The basic tastes are represented in spatial map in the primary taste cortex.

Specific areas of cortex light up in response to a taste. Hot sports for individual tastes. However, there is some overlap.

29
Q

We inhale air which goes through ____ ____. Odorants dissolve in ____, which activates receptors in cilia to cause depolarization.

A

Olfactory epithelium

Mucus

30
Q

Name 3 cells in olfactory epithelium

A
  1. Olfactory receptor neurons
  2. Supporting Cells
  3. Basal Cells
31
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

bipolar, continuously regenerate

32
Q

Supporting cells

A

similar to glia, produce mucus with Bowmann glands

33
Q

Basal Cells

A

Source of new receptor cells (stem cells)

34
Q

Olfaction: (In cilia)

Odorant –> ____ (protein type) –> Adenylyl cyclase–> ____ –> influx of _____ –> Cl- out of cell.

A

Golf- –> Adenylyl cyclase –> cAMP –> influx of Ca2+/Na+ –> Cl- out of cell

35
Q

Name the 5 ways that olfactory response can terminate.

A
  1. Odorant diffuses away
  2. Enzymes in mucus break them down
  3. Termination of signaling
  4. Adaptation
  5. Masking
36
Q

Generally receptor respond to many odorants but

A

show preference

37
Q

Olfaction: 25,000 primary neurons synapse onto

A

100 second order mitral/tufted cells (convergence)

38
Q

The olfactory bulb divides the media and lateral ___. The lateral generally goes to the ___ area.

A

Stria

Puriform.

39
Q

Olfaction: go to areas like olfactory tubrical, amygdala, and puriform, and innerrinel cortex which are involved in

A

memory

40
Q

Primary olfactory neurons go to ____ cells in olfactory tract.

A

mitral

41
Q

Where go axons from medial stria go?

A

Septal nulcei
OR
inhibit mitral cell activity in contralateral bulb

42
Q

The idea that different odorants can activate unique but overlapping neurons in pyriform cortex is

A

Cortical processing of odors.

43
Q

Ensembling coding in olfaction

A

Cells that respond to different odorants are diffusely distributed in pyriform cortex (no spatial organization)