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Systems Neuro > Block 2 Exam: Auditory And Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Block 2 Exam: Auditory And Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

The vestibular systems has ___ otolith organs. What are they and what do they detect?

A

Utricle and Saccule.

They detect changes in head angle/linear acceleration.

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2
Q

Each otolith organ in the vestibular system contains a _______. How is this orientated in each organ?

A

Macula

Vertically oriented in Saccule

Horizontally oriented in Utricle

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3
Q

What does the vestibular system used to detect head rotation?

A

3 semicircular canals at 90 degrees to each other.

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4
Q

Vestibular system:

______ & _____ are 30 degrees parallel to earth and perpendicular to gravity.

A

Semicircular canal/utricle

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5
Q

The macula of odolith organs contain ___ whose cilia project into gelantinous cap.

A

Hair Cells

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6
Q

The calcium carbonate crystals on top of the cap in vestibular system which weigh on cap and move due to gravity are called…

A

Otoliths

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7
Q

Hair cells are tonically active, which means

A

When head angle changes, amount of depolarization/hyperpolarization changes.

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8
Q

Vestibular: When cilia towards kinocilium

A

depolarize, excite afferents, Ca2+ and K+ flow

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9
Q

Vestibular: When cilia away from kinocilium

A

hyperpolarize, inhibit afferents, no Ca2+/K+ flow

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10
Q

Vestibular Semicircular canals:

The Ampulla has a sensory receptor called ____.

A

Crista

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11
Q

Vestibular system:

_______ of hair cells synapses on vestibular nerve.

A

Basal Membrane

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12
Q

What Nerve is the vestibular nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve 8

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13
Q

Vestibular nerve (#8) —> Lateral Vestibular Nucleus Pathway

A

Nerve 8 –> Lateral Vestibular Nucleus –> Cerebellum & Limb motor neurons

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14
Q

Vestibular nerve (#8) –> Medial Vestibular Nucleus Pathway

A

Nerve 8 –> Medial Vestibular Nucleus –> MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASISCULUS –> Extraocular motor areas (3,4,6) and neck motor neurons.

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15
Q

Where does most vestibular info go through in thalamus?

What lobe of the cortex gets most vestibular info?

A

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus (VPL)

Parietal Lobe

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16
Q

What cortical areas receive direct vestibular projections straight from VPL?

A

Areas 3a, T3, and PIVC (parietoinsular vestibular cortex –> insular area)

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17
Q

What are these 3 other areas that get vestibular info and what do they do?

  1. VIP
  2. MST
  3. Frontal eye fields/superior colliculus
A

VIP: ventral intraparietal area–> Grasping things, where an item is in space

MST–> Medial superior temporal area–> some vestibular/vision info

Frontal eye fields/superior colliculus–> Eye localization

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18
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Position of head/body in space, equilibrium, eye orientation

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19
Q

COWS: Warm Water

*COWS is talking about horizontal nystagmus

A

Endolymph in ipsilateral horizontal canal rises, resulting in increased firing.

Eye toward contralateral (opposite ear from where water put in), with horizontal nystagmus (quick horizontal eye movement) to ipsilateral ear.

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20
Q

COWS: Cold Water

A

Endolymph falls, decrease rate of firing.

Eyes toward ipsilateral (same side) ear, horizontal nystagmus to contralateral ear.

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21
Q

What is pitch encoded as?

A

Frequency

low frequency = low sound

22
Q

What is intensity (amplitude) of sound encoded as?

A

Loudness

23
Q

Sound waves Pathway:

Pinna —> auditory canal –> move ________ —> ________, which move the membrane at oval window —> moves fluid in _____ –> Response in sensory neurons.

A

Pinna –> auditory canal –> move tympanic membrane (ear drum) –> ossicles, which allow larger pressure on cochlea –> membrane at oval window –> moves fluid in cochlea –> response in sensory neurons.

24
Q

Sound waves move…

Ossicles move…

Oval Window moves…

A

Tympanic membrane

Membrane at oval window

fluid in cochlea

25
Q

Ossicles amplify changes in pressure by altering ____ to help transduce waves into electrical energy.

A

force/surface area.

26
Q

_____ moves in/out like a piston transmitting sound vibrations to inner ear at oval window.

A

Footplate of stapes

27
Q

Pressure=

A

Force/Area

Ossciles increase fore and decrease surface area at oval window.

28
Q

When you have a cold, ______ tube is clogged. Children’s is horizontal, so it gets infected because it is hard to drain.

A

Eustachian tube

29
Q

What contains auditory receptor cells? (Hint: surrounded by tectorial membrane)

A

Organ of Corti

30
Q

The fact that endolymph has an electrical potential 80 mV higher than perilymph is known as…

A

Endocochlear potential

31
Q

What participates in active transport to maintain concentration gradients?

A

Stria Vascularis

32
Q

Higher Frequency sounds processed by hair cells that are close to ____. Describe this.

A

Stapes

Base vibrates a lot, dissipates most energy and does not travel far.

33
Q

Lower frequencies sounds travel down _______

A

Basilar membrane, travels down membrane.

34
Q

The fact that the basilar membrane’s response establishes a place code in which different locations on the membrane are maximally deformed by different frequencies is known as….

A

Neural Coding of Pitch

35
Q

Basalar membrane:

Base end vs. Apex end

A

Apex: Wide/floppy, low frequency, 500Hz, 1kHz

Base: Narrow/stiff, high frequency, 16kHz

36
Q

What are the sensory receptor cells of auditory system?

Outer hair cells lie towards ____

Inner hair cells more towards _____

A

Hair cells.

Outer towards Apex

Inner towards modiulus

37
Q

What do the rods of corti do in the organ of corti?

A

support hair cells.

38
Q

A critical step in transduction of sound to neural signal involves _________ that bend hair cells.

A

Up/down oscillations

39
Q

Hair cell apical surfaces has _____ stiffened cilia called stereocilia arranged in ascending height

A

50-100

40
Q

___% of spiral ganglion neurons communicate with a small number of hair cells.

__% receive input for outer hair cells.

Inner hair cells innervate about ___ spiral ganglion cells.

A

95%

5%

10

41
Q

Motor innervation causes stereocilia to move up/down in order to

A

amplify sounds and enhance tectorial membrane movements.

42
Q

What part of the auditory pathway is responsible for processing interaural time differences and localizing sounds in space.

A

The superior olive

(and further as it projects to inferior colliculus).

43
Q

The Lateral Lemiscus travels from…

A

Superior Olive –> Inferior Colliculus –> MGN

44
Q

Integration of visual and auditory information is accomplished by…

A

Reciprocal projections from inferior colliculus back to the superior colliculus.

45
Q

An involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to high-intensity sound stimuli or when the person starts to vocalize is processed by feedback (brain stem neurons send axons to outer hair cells). What is this called?

A

Attenuation reflex

46
Q

Each cochlear nucleus receives input from one ear on the ___ side. All other auditory information is from both ears.

What is the only way that brain stem damage can produce damage in one ear?

A

Ipsilateral

If the cochlear nucleus or auditory nerve on one side is damaged.

47
Q

Tonotophic Mapping: What is it?

Higher frequencies more ____.

Lower frequencies more _____.

A

Different frequencies at different points. This is continuous in auditory system (visible in brain).

Higher frequencies more rostral.

Lower frequencies more Caudal.

48
Q

What frequencies use phase locking on every cycle or some fraction of cycles combined with tonotopic detection?

What frequencies rely on tonotopy alone?

A

Low frequencies (<3kHz)

High frequencies

49
Q

Name the 3 properties of sound.

A
  1. Frequency (tonoophy and phase locking)
  2. Intensity (encoded by # axons/AP fired)
  3. Source- can be horizontal or vertical
50
Q

Horizontal Source: Name the two types of processing and where they occur

A

Interaural time delay: medial superior olive

Interaural intensity difference- processed by lateral superior olive and medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB).

51
Q

Vertical Source

A

Reflections off pinna

Processing by cochlear nucleus and superior olivary nucleus.

Systems Neuro (13 decks)

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