Block 3- Parietal, Temporal, amygdala Flashcards by Julia Nauman

DORSAL/where stream functions

Spatial awareness
Motion detection/visual guidance
Spatial/cognitive function, emotion

Representation of peripheral visual field

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Middle temporal

Linear motion.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Middle superior temporal

Radial dynamic motion, different directions.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Injury to MT results in

Loss of motor perception

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attention

State if selectively processing simultaneous sources of Info (focus on one)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Posterior parietal Cortex

Spatial awareness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parietal: Left vs. Right

Right: spatial

Left: Wernicke’s (language processing)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Superior parietal

Superior somatosensory cortex

Tactile info, control of action

Area 5 is visuospatial Attention.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inferior parietal

Polymodal info. Visuospatial Cognition (area 7)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Superior and inferior parietal are separated by

Intraparietal sulcus

Has cells important for processing spatial attention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ventral stream Functions

Blob/interblob striate

Shape, color perception
Object/face recognition (IT areas)
Visual patterns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lateral intraparietal area

Spatial attention. (lateral sulcus)

Responses enhanced by attention. If looking at cue, firing increases to enhance processing.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ventral intraparietal area

Visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas brought together (polymodal)

Taste/olfaction too

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parietal injury

Parietal cortex lesions can have different frames of reference

Egocentric: self/objects

Allocentric: objects/objects

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parietal bilateral lesions

Simultanagnosia

Inability to see multiple objects at once

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) lesion, component of Balient’s

Optic Ataxia

Impairment of visually guided teaching

Affect hemisphere generally opposite lesion.

Inability to use visuospatial info to guide limb movements

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lesion to parietal lobe (usually right)

Hemispatial neglect

Failure to notice objects in hemifield contralateral to lesion

Failure of cortical processing.

Draw a clock picture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dorsal pathway (3 steps)

polymodal neocortical

Parahippocampal/posthirinal (spatial cognition)

Hippocampus (medial entorhinal area) –> Spatial grid cells.

Prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ventral pathway 3 steps

Unimodal neocortical

Parahippocampus/Perirhinal cortex

Hippocampus (Lateral Entrohinal area) –> Olfactory/somatosensory

Prefrontal cortex

Goes to CA3, then to CA1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

LTD (decrease synaptic efficacy) and LTP take place in

Hippocampus, important for memory.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Working/short term memory (<1 min) is located…

Prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explicit memory (autobiographical/conscious) is located in…

(Also, subdivisions)

Hippocampus

Explicit –> declarative (facts/events)

Declarative —>

Episodic (events/experiences)
Semantic (faces, concepts)

Implicit memory (unconscious) is located in

Cerebellum, includes procedural memory (skills/tasks)

Entrohinal is ___ layers, neocortical

Hippocampus is ___ layers, transition from cortical to hippocampus.
Allocortex

What happened to HM?

Epilepsy Temporal lobe parts removed bilaterally Anterograde amnesia (no future)

What was removed from HM?

Most of amygdaloid complex Hippocampus except for 2 cm at caudal end Parahippocampal gurus (including Entrohinal, perirhinal, parahippocamphs cortices) Anterograde amnesia Procedural memory intact (kept cerebellum)

Inside the hippocampus pathway | Trisynaptic pathway

Granule cells --> CA3/CA2 (paraminal cells) --> CA1 Main LTP area is parametal? Cells in CA1 receiving connections from CA3

Where do Association areas of cortex project to?

Medial temporal lobe, specifically parahippocampal region. Few inputs direct to hippocampus

What cortex (parahippocampal) is responsible for object recognition?

Perirhinal cortex

What cortex (parahippocampal region) is responsible for context, spatial cognition, navigation, object location?

Postrhinal cortex

Afferents/efferents to perirhinal cortex (PER) (ventral)

Inputs: Somatosensory/Amygdala

Afferents/efferents of postrhinal cortex

Input: Visual, superior colliculus Projects to medial Entrohinal cortex (CA1/dorsal subiculum)

Overall: lateral hippocampus Brodman area 28a

Olfactory/somatosensory

Overall: medial hippocampus Brodman areas 28b Convergence of ____ onto ____ is sufficient for place cell properties.

Spatial info (grid cells) and head direction Convergence of grid cells onto CA1 is sufficient for place cell properties

The perfurent pathway

From Entrohinal to hippocampus

grid cells

Converge into CA1 for place cells in hippocampus. Grid cells are human brain GPS. For spatial navigation: Grid cells fire AP @ different points in environment on triangular grid such that within grid cells, it fired at one place in environment. Grid cells clustered in hippocampus, spread out in mEC

Amygdala is located in _____ and overactive in anxiety

Medial temporal lobe

Within human amygdala, what are the 3 main groups of nuclei? And are they inputs or outputs?

Inputs: basolateral, corticomedial Outputs: central nucleus

Circuitary within the amygdala is

Excitatory, glutaminergic

Central nucleus projects from amygdala are

Inhibitory

Output from amygdala mainly effects the

Autonomic nervous system

What do amygdala outputs to hypothalamus do?

active nervous system (sympathetic) Hormones HPA axis Reactions

In amygdala, projections in basolateral group tend to be _____. Whereas projection neurons in central nucleus tend to be _____.

Excitatory Inhibitory

Extinction

Formation of new memory that context or cue is no longer adverse.

What is the neurological difference between using the same context (but w/o shock) and using a modified context with the cue?

Context: hippocampus/amygdala Cue: auditory/visual/amygdala

Activation of what two areas induces fear conditioning?

Lateral amygdala neurons Sensory stimulus (auditory)

See an increase in freezing if you depolarize with

Rhodopsin

Intercalated cells

Small group inhibitory interneurons, role in extinction When you kill them, less extinction. Excited by infralimbic cortex and output to central nucleus.

What is the best case for LTP memory?

Amygdala Postsynaptic depolarization, presynaptic stimulation. LTP response to coordinated input important for memories

What do inputs from prelimbic area of PFC do?

Increase activity in fear neurons which INHIBIT excitation neurons and activate output by central nucleus.

What do inputs from infralimbic area of PFC do?

Increase activity of excitation neurons which inhibits fear neurons

______ in the amygdala is response to systemic stressors, such as inflammatory challenge and hemorrhage.

Central nucleus

________ in amygdala are respond more to psychological responses

Lateral/basolateral

_________ areas of amygdala are responsible for noise, restraint, and forced swim.

Medial amygdala and basolateral