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Systems Neuro > Block 2 Exam: Somatosensory Information > Flashcards

Block 2 Exam: Somatosensory Information Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Mechanoreception in organs.

A
  1. artery distension.
  2. stretch in digestive organs
  3. bladder
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2
Q

Pacinian Corpusles

A 
Rapidly Adapting (large receptive fields)
Deep in skin

Functions: VIBRATION through mechanically gated ion channels. Also signals dynamic CHANGES

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3
Q

Meissner’s Corpusles

A

Rapidly Adapting
Superficial (shallow) layers of skin

Functions: Stroking, fine movements, grip control, where 2 point discrimination is best developed

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4
Q

Ruffini Endings

A 
Slowly Adapting (enlarged nerve endings)
Deep in skin

Signal presence of Stretch or tension.

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5
Q

Merkel’s Disks

A 
Slowly adapting (enlarged nerve endings)
Shallow in skin

Steady pressure on skin. Also texture and edges. Fire AP which stimulus present to keep TRP channels going. Directly related to pressure intensity

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6
Q

A-alpha fibers

A

PROPRIOCEPTORS of skeletal muscle: where your body is in space.

Intrafusial fibers

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7
Q

A-beta fibers

A

General Touch/MECHANORECEPTORS

Hair follicle, Meissner Corpusle, Merkel

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8
Q

Adelta/C fibers

A

Free nerve endings

Though pain heat and itch are slower, reflex mechanisms will let you withdraw.

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9
Q

Outer layer of skin=

Inner layer of skin=

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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10
Q

A-delta are ____ nociceptors, whereas C are ____ nociceptors.

A

Mechanical

Polymodal

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11
Q

Spinal Lesions in Cervical areas could cause dermatomes…

A

Neck, upper back, arms and hands

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12
Q

Spinal Lesions in Thoracic areas could cause dermatomes…

A

Middle back, breast/chest and stomach, small part of arm

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13
Q

Spinal Lesions in Lumbar areas could cause dermatomes…

A

Lower back, front legs down to toes

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14
Q

Spinal Lesions on Sacral areas could cause dermatomes…

A

Genitalia/buttocks, back of legs down to outer foot.

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15
Q

Homunculus

A

The idea that in the somatosensory cortex, places with more fine sensory info (ex: hands) take up more room.

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16
Q

2-point Discrimination

A

Why discriminate points closure on fingers than lower back. Within back, few receptors in large receptive fields.

3 Factors

  1. Higher density of mechanoreceptors
  2. Small receptive fields
  3. More cortical tissue devoted to finer areas.
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17
Q

That fact that surrounding areas invade cortical areas that lose innervation is known as

A

Cortical Map Plasticity

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18
Q

Proprioception is on the _____ side and has info go through Dorsal _____.

A

Ipsilateral

Dorsal Columns

19
Q

Nociception (pain) is on the _____ side and has info go through Dorsal ____.

A

Contralateral

Dorsal Horn

20
Q

Proprioception:
Upper (thoracic/cervical)–>

Lower (sacral/Lumbar)–>

A

Upper (thoracic/cervical)–> Lateral (cuneate Fasiscle)

Lower (sacral/Lumbar)–> Medial (gracile fascicle)

21
Q

Pain:
Upper (thoracic/cervical)–>

Lower (sacral/Lumbar)–>

A

Upper (thoracic/cervical)–> Medial (gracile Fascicle)

Lower (sacral/Lumbar)–> Lateral (cuneate Fascicle)

22
Q

Review of Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal Pathway:

A

Primary neurons –> Secondary neurons in dorsal column nuclei –> Crosses at medial leminsus –> VPL of thalamus –> Somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus/posterior paracenteral gyrus)

23
Q

Name the four types of nociception

Pain=

A
  1. Mechanical-strong pressure (crude touch)
  2. Thermal- extreme temperature
  3. Chemical- histamines/chemicals
  4. Polymodal

Pain=tissue damage

24
Q

After injury, pain receptors exhibit increased sensitivity after injury. They have a lower threshold and are more responsive (AP). What is this called?

A

Hyperalgesia

25
Q

Perception of innocuous (non-harmful) stimuli as painful after tissue damage is known as ______

A

Allodynia

26
Q

What is that thing that happens to blood vessels when painful stimuli is present?

A

Vasodilation

27
Q

Pain medications can block _____

A

Prostaglandins

28
Q

Thalamic Lesioning (CM-PF) and deep brain stimulation are often used as treatments for what?

A

Intractable pain

29
Q

What 4 things contribute to noxious signal?

A

Bradykinin
K+
Prostaglandins
Histamine (also promotes swelling)

30
Q

2 functions of substance P

A

Release Histamine from mass cells.

Vasodilation of blood vessels.

31
Q

Reticular thalamic system is

A

Reticular nucleus –> intralaminar nucleus of thalamus. (centromedian/parafascicular).

Underlie altering mechanisms to painful stimuli.

32
Q

Dorsal Horn Layers:

Posterior Marginal Area

A

Upper layer 1

Receives noxious stimuli from A-delta fibers

33
Q

Dorsal Horn Layers: Substantia Gelatnos

A

Layer 2

innocuous, so info non-painful carried in C fibers

34
Q

Dorsal Horn Layers: Nucelus Proprious

A

Layers 3 and 4

innocuous, so info non-painful in C fibers

35
Q

Dorsal Horn Layers:

Lower Lamina

A

Layers 5 and 6

noxious stimuli form A-delta fibers

36
Q

Most layers in dorsal horn project to ____, and upper layers project to other spinal cord areas to mediate ____ actions.

A

Thalamus

Reflective actions

37
Q

What layers of dorsal horn project to reticular system in brainstem?

What is the reticular system important for?

A

Layers 1 and 5

Altering attention.

38
Q

What does the reticular thalamic pathway tell us?

A

When we are in pain.

39
Q

Descending control of pain/feedback is mediated by emotional and behavioral state using what 5 brain areas?

A
  1. Somatosensory cortex
  2. Insula/anterior cingulate
  3. Periventricular Nucleus
  4. Periaqueductal Gray
  5. Raphe Nuclei
40
Q

Stimulation of ____ causes analgesia, or the inability to feel pain.

A

Periaqueductal gray

41
Q

Insula is in lateral fissure and is important for taste. Why does that matter in pain modulation?

A

Reward/motivation behavior

42
Q

Periaqueductal Gray has a lot of ___ receptors.

A

opioid

43
Q

____ is in lower brainstem, is important for serotonin, and projects to dorsal horn to modulate pain.

A

Raphe nuclei

Systems Neuro (13 decks)

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