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Systems Neuro > Ch. 15/16: Thalamus & Hypothalamus (2/2) > Flashcards

Ch. 15/16: Thalamus & Hypothalamus (2/2) Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Dorsal Thalamus

A

Largest of 4 subdivisions and neurons project to all areas of the cortex (sensory). Some nuclei receive info from subcortical and cortical motor areas and send to cortex.

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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Connected to forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord, controls autonomic function

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3
Q

Ventral Thalamus

A

subthalamic nuclei; connected to basal ganglia and functions in motor circuitry

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4
Q

Epithalamus

A

Limbic system- habenula and pineal gland

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5
Q

Association Nuclei

A

Anterior Thalamic Nuclei, Dorsomedial nucleus, lateral dorsal, Pulvinar, Lateral posterior.

Generally medial/anterior, memory and decision making

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6
Q

Relay Nuclei

A

VPL, VMP, Lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, ventral anterior, ventral lateral

Sensory and motor information

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7
Q

What myelinated axons surround the thalamus laterally (fibers that enter/leave subcortical white matter, associated with thalami reticular nucleus)

A

External medullary lamina

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8
Q

What divides the thalamus into cell groups?

A

Internal Medullary Lamina, divides dorsal medial nucleus and anterior from the rest of the thalamus

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9
Q

Thalamus processes _______ info and relays it to _____

A

sensory-motor info

nucleus

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10
Q

Pulvinar processes ____ info

A

visual

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11
Q

Ventral part of thalamus: the medial and lateral geniculate bodies

A

Medial Geniculate Body (auditory info)

Lateral Geniculate (sensory, gets ganglion inputs)

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12
Q

3 generalizations about dorsal thalamus

A
  1. All nuclei project to cortex
  2. Projections are ipsilateral
  3. No known projections between nuclei, expect TRN
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13
Q

White matter that communicates between thalamus and cortex

A

Internal Capsule

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14
Q

Subthalamus (ventral thalamus)

A

motor functions

Subthalamic nuclei: inputs from motor cortex and projects to substantia nigra and globus pallidus.

Subthalamus is below the dorsal thalamus. Has to do with motor functions. Connects with globus palladus

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15
Q

Epithalamus

A

Pineal gland, habenular nuclei, stria medullaris thalami (which is fiber tract)

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16
Q

Pineal Gland

A

receives info about visual stimuli (rhythmically produces melatonin (circadian over 24 hour period)

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17
Q

Habenula

A

medial and lateral nuclei - part of limibic system. Role in processing rewards and addiction

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18
Q

Hypothalamus: Functions

A

Homeostasis, Metabolism, Temperature, food intake, glucose, blood flow (blood volume, pressure, salinity, O2, glucose), reproductive activity, menstruation, stress, child birth, autonomic reflexes of brainstem and spinal cord, functions of various nuclei, periventricular zone has more specific nuclei, neuroendocrine function, Leptin in feeding around the arcuate/lateral hypothalamus.

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19
Q

Olfactory info to hypothalamus —>

A

amygdala in median forebrain bundle involved in reproduction defense, feeding

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20
Q

visual inputs

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus, circadian rhythems

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21
Q

Visceral Sensations: Sensory info arises from nucleus of the ___ ___. Sensory info from cranial nerves ___ & ___.

A

solitary tract

cranial nerves 9 & 10

22
Q

Hypothalamus has 3 broad zones:

A

Periventricular zone: neurosecretory, Automatic nervous system (ANS)

Lateral/medial zones: motivation, sex, stress

23
Q

Hypothalamus EFFERENTS (output)

A

Endocrine system: neuroendocrine cells via pituitary
ANS: preautonomic cells via brain/spinal cord. Projections via medial forebrain bundle and dorsal longitudinal fasciculus.

24
Q

Hypothalamic AFFERENTS (inputs)

A

Ascending sensory signals from brainstem/spinal cord

Descending afferents from cortex/limbic system

Hippocampus via fornix and amygdala via stria terminalis

25
Q

Supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

A

Hypothalamus

water/electrolyte balance, vasopressin lactation, and partuition, oxytocin

26
Q

Paraventricular

A

Hypothalamus

Stress

27
Q

Arcuate and paraventricular nuclei

A

Hypothalamus

hypothalamic releasing factors, arcuate-leptin-regulator of body fat and food intake

28
Q

Ventromedial and dorsomedial

A

Hypothalamus

Growth hormone, hunger

29
Q

Suprachiasmatic

A

Circadian clock

30
Q

Anterior and preoptic areas

A

Regulation of sexual behavior, sleep regulation, temperature regulation

31
Q

Anterior and posterior nuclei

A

Temperature regulation

32
Q

Dorsal and posterior nuclei

A

Activation of sympathetic nervous system/adrenal medulla

33
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Thirst

34
Q

Hypothalamus connections, in anterior/posterior pituitary where they release ______ into circulation that control various homeostatic functions.

A

Hormones

35
Q

Hypothalamus connects to limbic system via ____

A

Fornix

36
Q

Hypothalamus connects to what two areas of the brainstem and what do they do?

A

Reticular formation and medullary centers

Cardiovascular, respitory, and gastrointestinal processes

37
Q

Vasopressin

A

Water/electrolyte balance

38
Q

Oxytocin

A

lactation, physical contact (positive), possible treatment for autism

39
Q

Circumventricular Organ Functions

A

Vasopressin release
Response to hypovolemia (decrease blood volume, hemorrhage)
Kidney secretion of Renin
Activation of vasopressin neurons (SON & PVN, asynchronous burst generation)
Water retention in kidney

40
Q

Circumventricular Organ: specific process. Adaptive behaviors for water conservation (excrete NaCl)

A

Blood pressure down, Kidney secretes renin
Renin breaks down angiotensinogen produced by liver into angiotensin 2.

Also activates cells in lateral hypothalamus, produces thirst and motivates drinking behavior (AV3V, OVLT)

41
Q

Angiotensin 2 effects

A

Kidney/blood vessel–> increase blood pressure

Subfornical Organ –> Activates vasopressin neurons

Lateral Hypothalamus –> Produces thirst and motivates drinking behavior (AV3V, OVLT)

Once water intake increases, vasopressin levels decrease and dilute urine is excreted.

42
Q

Posterior pituitary: Neuropophysis

A 
Hypothalamus outcropping (part of the brain) 
Hormone secretion into general blood stream

Cells in superoptic/paraventricular nuclei project down and release O/V into general circulation (Magnacellular cells)

43
Q

Anterior Lobe: Adenohypophysis

A

Controlled by releasing hormone cells in hypothalamic terminals in median eminence, portable blood vessels, pituitary hormone release into general circulation.

44
Q

Follicle stimulating Hormone

A

ovulation and spermatogenesis

45
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

sperm and ovarian maturation

46
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Thyroxin secretion (metabolism)

47
Q

ACTH

A

cortisol secretion

48
Q

Growth hormone

A

protein synthesis

49
Q

Prolactin

A

growth and milk secretion

50
Q

Regulation of adrenal glands under stress

A

Parvocellular neurons release corticotropin, releasing hormone into the portal circulation, travels to anterior pituitary to release ACTH travels to the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

Systems Neuro (13 decks)

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