Chapter 7 - Contraception and Pregnancy Options Flashcards
what are some ancient forms of birth control
silphium in ancient greece; poison (like mercury and arsenic); barrier methods; seclusion of menstruating females; intrecrural; infanticide
when did Canada make the use and sale of BC legal
1892
what made birth control more acceptable come the 1960s?
“baby boom” and global concerns about pop. ctrl
the effectiveness of BC is much improved with ____ as opposed to ____
perfect use; typical use
how do hormonal contraceptives work
inhibit ovulation, altering the endometrium; altering the consistency of the cervical mucus; typically more effective than non-hor methods
the pill (combo)
h
NuvaRing (combo)
as effective as the pill; ring that sits against the cervix and secretes hormones; 21-7 day ish cycle of replacement
transdermal patch (combo)
21-7 day cycle; replace weekly;
mini-pill (progestin only)
pill everyday; similar to the pill but has progestin only; used bc somemay find the estrogen pill may affect mood and to breastfeeding mothers
Depo-Provera (progestin only)
shot every three months; as effective as pill; typically the best strictly hormonal method
LNG-IUS (progestin only)
basically an IUD with hormones; inserted into uterus; longevity of an IUD as well as a hormonal aspect; replace every 3-5 years
pros of hormonal contraceptives
highly effective; no need to think about usage for some; regulates menstrual cycle; reduces menstrual flow; reversible
cons of hormonal contraceptives
must be taken or used regulary; do not protect against STIs; several side effects (weight gain, cancer risks, mood change, etc)
non-hormonal intra-uterine devices
must be inserted by a doctor; makes uterine environment inhospitable to sperm; lasts about 5 years; reversible
what are barrier methods
inserted by the individual; sponges or cervical caps; effectiveness improved when combined with spermicide; do not offer protection against STIs; higher failure rates than other women
(sponges OTC, caps fitted by dr and reusable)
external/internal condoms are the only barrier methods that also prevent ____
STIs
-most effective HIV protection
-external condoms offer some protection against external genital contact which can reduce some infection from STIs
surgical methods of contraception
tubal ligation (F) and vasectomy (M); generally not reversible; must make informed decisions before committing to these operations
what are natural methods of BC
involve no human-made barriers or hormones; reversible, chemical-free, and supported by some religious groups
fertility awareness methods
rely on a woman understanding and tracking her menstrual cycle; requires intercourse at certain times in order to avoid pregnancy
sympto-thermal approach
a woman charts her basal body temp, cervical pos, and cervical mucus to determine when she is fertile and can get pregnant; must be tracked for months consistently and correctly for this to be effective
rhythm method
calendar-based method; fertile time is calculated based on length of previous 12 cycles; difficult to follow in practice;
lactational amenorrhea
breastfeeding hormonally suppresses ovulation; 98% effective as long as menstruation has not returned, baby is being nursed exclusively with breastmilk, and baby is less than 6mo old
withdrawal method
pulling penis from vagina before ejaculating; requires self control; used thru history; pregnancy can still result from pre-ejaculate
abstinence
may mean avoiding all sexual activity including masturbation/others; some just avoid penile-vaginal; 100% effective when in use; may be frustrating and too restrictive for some
what are the most common contraceptive methods worldwide
female sterilization, IUD, pills, condoms
female-controlled methods account for ___% of contraceptive use
79%
what are the most frequently used contraceptive methods in Canada
condoms, oral contraceptives, and withdrawal
why use birth control
to combat rates of teen pregnancy (in a decline since 1974); high global population; expensive
reasons for sexual risk-taking
personality factors, situational factors, relationship factors
reducing sexual risk-taking
information; motivation; behavioural skills
what is emergency contraception
used after intercourse and before a zygote can implant to prevent pregnancy; available without prescription; use within 72hr; 75% to 89% effective
post-coital IUD
inserted within 7 days post-coitus; almost 100% effective
Two choices for unwanted pregnancy
Abortion; carry out pregnancy and consider adoption or other parenting choices
Abortion can be ___ or ____
Therapeutic; elective
Pro-choice beliefs
Believe women should have the choices of having the baby, giving it up for adoption, or terminating the pregnancy
Pro-life beliefs
Believe that abortion should never (or almost n available choice
Medical abortions
Performed up to 7 weeks following the last menstrual period; can be performed up to tenth week of gestation
Drugs used for abortion in Canada
Methotrexate and misoprostol; mifepristone (RU-486)
Manual vacuum aspiration (surgical abortions)
Only an option in first 7 weeks of pregnancy; contents of uterus are removed by inserting a tube and creating suction; considered safe and effective
Vacuum suction curettage (surgical abortions)
Can be performed from 6th to 14th week of gestation; up to 20 weeks in some clinics; considered safe with little risk
Dilation and evacuation
Performed between 13 and 16 weeks (up to 24 weeks); must be done in a hospital under general anaesthetic
Second and third trimester abortions
Rare and are most often performed because of diagnosed fetal anomalies; involve an injection to stop the fetal heartbeat; fetus is removed by forceps/labour/C-section
Psychological effects of abortion
Controversial; post-abortion syndrome was debunked by the APA: concluded that severe neg reactions are rare and that most neg reactions are mild; other research shows that most responses are relief and satisfaction
Adoption
Estimate 100s of babies are put up for adoption each year; difficult decision to make
Surrogacy
Provides an alternative to adoption; person cannot directly be paid but the expenses can be reimbursed; agreement must be drafted and
negotiated, setting out the legal obligations
and rights of each party.
