Chapter 10 - Gender Flashcards
biological sex
biological cond. of being M, F or intersex
determined by genes, chromosomes, and physical traits
gender
psychological sense/ experience of masculinity/femininity; sociocultural factors affect gender identity and gender roles
what prompts the formation of male gonads?
the Y gene (XY)
gonads secret androgens at puberty that result in a male body
when no Y gene is present…
(XX) ovaries will develop and secret estrogens that result in a female body
____ is strongly influenced by a person’s ____
phenotype; genotype
physical traits; DNA
____ regulates hormones and therefor influences ____
gonadal sex; hormonal sex
hormones also influence external sex characteristics and other sites of the body inc the brain
term that recognizes that there is no tidy dichotomy between sex and gedner
sex/gender
how do males/females differ in terms of sexuality
men show greater incidence of masturbation, use of porn, acts of casual sex, and permissive attitudes towards casual sex
are women or men less likely to report exclusive different-sex attraction
women (83% of women vs 94% of men)
how do men and women differ in response to sexual arousal and concordance
men show greater specificity and concordance; het women show arousal to sexual stimuli featuring both men and women
self-reports about sexuality may be biased because of…
one’s desires to conform to gender roles
when BPL was used, there was a smaller number of differences between the groups
diversities of sexual development (DSD)
congenital conditions in which anatomical, gonadal, or chromosomal sex is atypical
medical contexts use DSD to describe..
congenital conditions that lead to the intermediate expression of female and male phenotypes
indv. with DSDs often ID as intersex
klinefelter’s syndrome
a Y chromosome with two Xs (XXY); often undiagnosed until puberty; males with klinefelter’s may show breast development, small testes, short penises, low T, compromised fertility
turner’s syndrome
chromosomal monosomy (XOO; women tend to have underdeveloped breasts and are infertile; often treated with hormonal therapy; most ID as female but some as intersex
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens produce by the adrenal glands; effects development of female fetuses’ genitals causing varying degrees of virilization (lareg clit, partially fused labia, shallow vagina); internal organs are intact; may exhibit different interests/behaviours than their peers; treatments involve hormone therapy and possibly genital surgery
androgen insensitivity syndrome
indv with XY chromosomes develop a female phenotype; mutations in the androgen-receptor genes prevent the body tissue from masculinizing to some degree; people with partial AIS have intermediate male/female characteristics; people with complete AIS have female genitals
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
enzyme deficiency that causes external genitals to appear FAB but have intact male internal organs; rising T levels at puberty cause testes to descend and masculinize external genitals; most 5-ARD indv assume a male ID and role; cases are rare and clustered in regions such as the dominican republic
first process of gender development in childhood
detecting gender: recognizes differences between M/F by age 1
second process of gender development in childhood
having gender: recognizing in oneself characteristics you share with either girls or boys by age 2-3
third process of gender development in childhood
matching one’s behaviour with M/F stereotypes by age 5-7
some researchers believe that gender role and identity are a result of ____ and some believe that some things could be ____
gender socialization (observational learning, operant conditioning); innate (biological)
gender variation in kids/teens
children may insist they are the other sex; some clinicians say that gender dysphoric children should be encouraged to accept their birth sex while others disagree
transition process
diagnoses of gender dysphoria; social transition (living as desired gender); HRT; gender affirming surgery
