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PSYC 3533 > Chapter 5 - Sex Hormones and Human Sexuality > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Sex Hormones and Human Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that are released by endocrine organs and carried throughout the body via the circulatory system; provide cxs between the NS and the reproductive system

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2
Q

how are hormones released into the bloodstsream?

A

through endocrine organs such as the gonads; small amounts produce strong and lasting effects

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3
Q

how are hormones regulated?

A

by feedback signals from every organ effected, especially the brian

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4
Q

what are se3x hormones?

A

regulate sexual maturity and reproduction

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5
Q

three main sex hormones

A

androgens, estrogens, progestogens
(oxytocin and vasopressin can also be considered sex hormones)

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6
Q

what is the HPG axis?

A

Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis; communication system between areas of the brain (the hypothalamus and pituitary gland) and the gonads that affects the production and release of sex hormones

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7
Q

what does the brain use to regulate sex hormone production?

A

the HPG axis

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8
Q

what is the hypothalamic hormone?

A

GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone)

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9
Q

what are the pituitary hormones?

A

FSH (follicle simulating hormone); LH (luteinizing hormone)

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10
Q

what are the gonadal hormones?

A

testosterone (from testes); estrogen/progesterone (from ovaries)

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11
Q

in males, testosterone operates in a ____ loop

A

negative feedback

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12
Q

male system (?)

A

LH binds to cells inside the testes and causes them to secrete testosterone

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13
Q

explain the negative feedback loop for testosterone

A

Hypothalamus directly monitors testosterone
levels; this influences gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) levels (released by hypothalamus); GnRH levels influence LH production (from pituitary); LH influences Testosterone production

ex: Low T > hypothalamus increases GnRH >
pituitary increases LH > T rises
9

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14
Q

explain the negative feedback loop for sperm production

A

inhibin secreted by testes regulates the negative feedback loop for FSH; operates in a different area of the hypothalamus than T production

ex. Low Inhibin ‐> Hypothalamus increases GnRH ‐> Pituitary increases FSH ‐> Testes manufacture sperm

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15
Q

what regulate the female menstrual cycle

A

the interaction of the different components of the HPG axis

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16
Q

4 phases of menstrual cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal phase
  4. Menstruation
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17
Q

describe the follicular phase

A

pituitary secreting high levels of FSH, stimulates a follicle in the ovary to bring an egg to the final stage of maturity; follicle also secrets estrogen at this time (affecting the endometrium)

ex. Low Estrogen/Inhibin ‐> Hypothalamus increases GnRH ‐> Pituitary increases FSH ‐> follicle/egg matures
-negative feedback loop

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18
Q

describe ovulation phase

A

Estrogen + Inhibin levels have risen to a high level, causing FSH levels to start to fall
– Consequently, the high estrogen levels stimulates the hypothalamus to produce GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary to produce LH
* So High E ‐> Increases GnRh ‐> Increasess LH
* This LH surge is what triggers ovulation
* Positive feedback loop; different area of hypothalamus
– The follicle ruptures open and releases a mature egg

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19
Q

describe the luteal phase

A

After releasing an egg, LH levels cause the follicle
in the ovary to turn into a glandular mass of cells
called the corpus luteum
* Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
– The progesterone from corpus luteum stimulates glands of the endometrium (uterus) to start secreting a nourishing substance
-Corpus luteum will only produce progesterone for about 10‐12 days (if no pregnancy)
– If no pregnancy, the corpus luteum withers and
the uterine lining cannot be maintained due to the decline in progesterone
– Sharp decline in both Estrogen and Progesterone levels at end of luteal phase

20
Q

describe menstruation phase

A

– Shedding of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus
– Discharged through cervix and vagina
– Triggered by the sharp decline of Estrogen and
Progesterone at end of luteal phase
– FSH levels are now starting to rise again

21
Q

average length of menstrual cycle

A

20-26 days (about 28)
In a 28 day cycle:
* Day 1 to 4/5 = menstruation
* Day 5 to 13 = follicular phase
* Day 14 = ovulation
* Day 15 to 28 = luteal phase

22
Q

what are some issues that typically arise with the menstrual cycle

A

Dysmenorrhea; Endometriosis; Amenorrhea; Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

23
Q

the development of secondary sex characteristics is triggered by the activation of ____

A

the HPG axis during puberty

24
Q

male secondary sex characteristics

A

incr muscle mass, facial hair, growth of testes, lowering of the voice

25
Q

female secondary sex characteristics

A

widened hips and pelvis, breast growth, incr fat tissue in arms/thighs/hips/butt

26
Q

role of hypothalamus

A

highly responsive to hormones; provides sex hormones and influences sexual acts and the individual’s perception of sexuality

27
Q

prenatally, the brain is very sensitive to ____

A

androgens and estrogens
-may affect identity and sexual attraction

28
Q

the sexual brain is connected to brain regions that play a role in ____

A

thinking, perceptions, self control; sexuality, attraction, desire, and a sense of sexual self cannot be uncoupled from life experience

29
Q

how do hormones affect sexuality?

A

strong evidence that sex hormones may directly affect sexual attraction, desire, and performance; androgens and estrogens play a direct role in genital and subjective arousal
ex. administration of testosterone can increase genital sexual arousal in both women and men

30
Q

the relationship between sex and sex hormones is ____

A

reciprocal; sexual activity incr testosterone in men and women; Intimate physical contact (even of a non‐sexual nature) can increase testosterone in women; sexual arousal decreases the stress hormone cortisol and increases estradiol in women

31
Q

how does sexual activity and other life factors affect hormone levels?

A

viewing erotica appears to incr testosterone levels in men and estradiol levels in females; imagining sexual interactions (fantasies) incr T levels in women; there is a bidirectional relationship between T levels and relationship status in women

32
Q

what hormones work together and play a role in sexual/other reproductive behaviours?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

33
Q

oxytocin is associated with ____

A

childbirth, lactation, maternal behaviour, bonding

34
Q

vasopressin is associated with ____

A

multiple aspects of human social and sexual functions such as increased heart rate and fluid balances

35
Q

how do smells (of sex hormones) lead to sexual behaviour?

A

smells can activate areas in our emotional brain (limbic system) outside of conscious awareness

36
Q

what are pheromones

A

produced in the apocrine glands (armpit and pubic areas); synthesis is controlled by androgens in males and females

37
Q

what are the four pheromones identified in humans?

A

Territorial, menstrual/fertile, sexual, and
maternal‐infant

38
Q

what is major histocompatibility complex (HCM)?

A

compounds that are found in genital pheromones and may communicate genetic info to sexual partners

39
Q

what is perimenopause

A

signals a decline in fertility for women; usually in late 40s

40
Q

when is a woman considered menopausal

A

no menstrual period in 12 months or more

41
Q

menopausal women may experience a decline in libido due to ____

A

declining estrogen and estradiol levels

42
Q

what is the most common sexual dysfunction among women of all ages?

A

low desire; affects 34%-43% of women in Western countries

43
Q

from young adulthood to menopause, what happens to testosterone levels?

A

levels of circulating testosterone decline gradually

44
Q

what is andropause?

A

falling testosterone levels in males over 50

45
Q

what happens during andropause?

A

low libido; decreased strength/energy/stamina; incr irritability; decr enjoyment of life

46
Q

aging men may experience what along with andropause?

A

bone and muscle mass loss; incr body fat; breast development; changes in cognitive functions

47
Q

low libido is typically caused by what in older men?

A

hypogonadism
-can cause erectile dysfunction
-can be treated with androgen therapy

PSYC 3533 (14 decks)

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