Chapter 7: circulatory system (Heart) (exam 2)

Question 1

the circulatory system consists of what two systems?

Answer 1

the cardiovascular system to carry blood and the lymphatic system to collect and transport lymph

Question 2

what are the layers of the heart

Answer 2

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium, pericardial sac, pericardial cavity, general valve, cardiac skeleton

Question 3

Endocardium has what type of endothelium?

Answer 3

simple squamous one layer thick

Question 4

what type of loose connective tissue is found in the endocardium?

Answer 4

fibroelastic ct

Question 5

in the more dense regular ct layer what typed of fibers are found?

Answer 5

more collagen I and elastic fibers as well as some smooth muscle

Question 6

The sub endocardial layer is composed of what?

Answer 6

looser CT with blood vessels, nerves and purkinje fibers

Question 7

in the heart purkinje fibers are modified what?

Answer 7

cardiac myocytes

Question 8

in the sub-endocardial layer where are myofibrils found?

Answer 8

in the peripheral and are few in numbers

Question 9

what is stored in the sub endocardial layer

Answer 9

glycogen

Question 10

the sub-endocardial layer is attached to the endocardium via what?

Answer 10

Gap-junctions

Question 11

what is the function of a sub-endocardial layer?

Answer 11

to transmit contraction impulse rapidly

Question 12

What layer is the atria and ventricle found in

Answer 12

Myocardium

Question 13

compared to the ventricle, the atria has more what and less what?

Answer 13

has more elastic fibers and more muscles

Question 14

the ventricle, compared to the atria, has a well developed what?

Answer 14

well developed muscular layer

Question 15

The intercalated disc is found in which layer

Answer 15

in the myocardium

Question 16

what are the two portions of the intercalated disc structure?

Answer 16

longitudinal portion and transverse portion

Question 17

What is found in the transverse portion of the myocardium

Answer 17

macula adherens (desmosomes)
fascia adherens
small gap junctions

Question 18

what is found in the longitudinal portion

Answer 18

large gap junction for movement

Question 19

What is the function of the myocardium

Answer 19

1. attach cardiac myocytes in a row
2. attach and stabilize myofibrils (actin/myosin)
3. cell to cell communication

Question 20

What will sympathetics do to the heart rate and contraction

Answer 20

heart rate will increase and contraction will increases

Question 21

what will parasympathetics do to the heart rate and contraction?

Answer 21

they will both decrease

Question 22

Specialized cardiac muscle cells are known as

Answer 22

myoendocrine cells

Question 23

Myoendocrine cells will secrete hormones in what region

Answer 23

in the atria

Question 24

were will hormones be released into

Answer 24

surrounding capillaries

Question 25

what is the function of hormones secreted by myoendocrine cells

Answer 25

to influence fluid and electrolytes balance

influence in decreasing BP

Question 26

when influencing the fluid balance what is the target organ

Answer 26

kidney

Question 27

when influencing the decrease in blood pressure what is the target?

Answer 27

small arteries and arterioles

Question 28

The pericardium is also known as what

Answer 28

serous pericardium

Question 29

what are the two layers of the pericardium

Answer 29

epicardium (visceral pericardium) and parietal pericardium

Question 30

what are the two layers in the epicardium

Answer 30

sub-epicardium and mesothelium

Question 31

the sub-epicardium is a layer of what CT

Answer 31

fibroelastic CT

Question 32

the sub-epicardium contains what

Answer 32

coronary vessels, nerves, and sometimes lots of adipose

Question 33

what is secreted from the mesothelium layer

Answer 33

secretes serous lubricating fluid

Question 34

the parietal pericardium is composed of what?

Answer 34

mesothelium and a layer of fibroelastic ct

Question 35

the pericardial sac is composed of what two layers

Answer 35

fibrous and parietal pericardium

Question 36

The pericardial cavity holds how much fluid

Answer 36

30-50 ml

Question 37

the pericardial sac is between what two layers

Answer 37

visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

Question 38

Valves are composed of what tissue

Answer 38

endothelium with dense irregular CT

Question 39

the Dense irregular CT of valves have many what

Answer 39

collagen I and elastic fibers

Question 40

are the valves of the heart vascular or avascular

Answer 40

almost avascular

Question 41

what is the cardiac skeleton made out of

Answer 41

dense fibrous CT

Question 42

What are the three main components of the cardiac skeleton

Answer 42

annuli fibrosi
trigonum fibrosum
septum membranaceum

Question 43

the annuli fibrous is found around what?

Answer 43

the base of the aorta, pulmonary artery and the opening to the chambers

Question 44

the trigonum fibrous is found by what

Answer 44

by cusps of aortic valve

Question 45

the septum membranaceum is found where

Answer 45

upper portion of inter ventricular septum

Question 46

the function of the septum membranaceum is what

Answer 46

1) support

2) origin/insertion for cardiac monocytes

Question 47

chordae Tendinae are tendon-like so therefore the CT type is what?

Answer 47

dense regular