Chapter 4: Clinical aspects (Exam 2)

Question 1

As age increases the number of chondrocytes will what?

Answer 1

decrease

Question 2

less chondrocytes due to aging means what?

Answer 2

there is less matrix

Question 3

in addition to less matrix as you age will you see an increase what?

Answer 3

calcification (primarily of hyaline)

Question 4

What helps prevent calcification of cartilage

Answer 4

chondrocytes

Question 5

where does one not see an issue with calcification

Answer 5

in elastic cartilage

Question 6

When are hormones and vitamins effects the greatest on cartilage?

Answer 6

1. original development of cartilage
2. during the ossification process
3. after birth at the epiphyseal growth plates

Question 7

the healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage is very what?

Answer 7

limited

Question 8

inflammation is common in both hyaline and elastic cartilage and can ultimately lead to what?

Answer 8

scar tissue

Question 9

compared to adults how is the healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage in children?

Answer 9

much better

Question 10

Osteoarthritis (OA) is what type of a disease?

Answer 10

a degenerative joint disease

Question 11

If osteoarthritis is pathological if what occurs?

Answer 11

it is seen before 60-70yrs of age and it is too severe (not related to injury)

Question 12

What are the three types of OA

Answer 12

Primary OA, Traumatic OA, and inherited OA

Question 13

Primary Osteoarthritis is what? (frequency of cases and related to what)

Answer 13

Most common and is age related

Question 14

what are some possible causes of Primary OA?

Answer 14

wear and tear theory and muscle dysfunction

Question 15

Traumatic OA is related to what?

Answer 15

injury (Athletic injury is a biggy)

Question 16

Inherited OA is a genetic mutation of what?

Answer 16

collagen II fibers (weaker which causes the matrix to be weaker)

Question 17

what is the onset and severity of Inherited OA

Answer 17

it is an early onset and it is severe

Question 18

what is the OA cycle?

Answer 18

Cartilage decreases the osteophytes develop the joint irritation then inflammation and then you lose more cartilage and cycle starts over

Question 19

what are the components of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 19

Nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus

Question 20

there are no to few cells in the nucleus pulposus after what age?

Answer 20

after the 20’s

Question 21

what is the structure of the intervertebal disc?

Answer 21

a lot of HA (lots of water) and collagen II

Question 22

what is the function of the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 22

to resist compressive forces

Question 23

the annulus fibrosis is where you have what?

Answer 23

fibrocartilage

Question 24

what is the structure of the annulus fibrosis?

Answer 24

lots of collagen I and some hyaline matrix (collagen II)

Question 25

what are the cells in the annulus fibrosis?

Answer 25

some fibrocytes and chondrocytes

Question 26

what is the function of the annulus fibrosis?

Answer 26

to support the nucleus pulposus

Question 27

Age related degenerative changed happen to IVD when?

Answer 27

as age increases (often 40+ yrs of age)

Question 28

There will be more collagen II or Collagen I in age-related degenerative changes to IVD?

Answer 28

more collagen II (due to chondrocytes)

Question 29

Age-related degeneration of IVD will cause the nucleus pulposus to do what with its water content?

Answer 29

to decrease its water content

Question 30

In age-related degeneration of IVD chondrocytes make more what?

Answer 30

aggrecans molecule to try and add structure but still to weak