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Biology > Chapter 7- Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

In 1665, he looked at a thin slice of cork and coined the term cells. 1st part of cell theory: cells are basic unit of life

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2
Q

Who was Matthias Schleiden?

A

German botanist;concluded that all plants are made of cells

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3
Q

Who was Theodor Schwann?

A

German biologist; all animals were made of cells

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4
Q

Who was Rudolf Virchow?

A

German physician; concluded that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells

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5
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

A

1) cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
2) all living things are made up of cells
3) new cells are produced from existing cells

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6
Q

What is the nucleus of a cell?

A

a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA; it controls many of the cell’s activities

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7
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

cells that contain nuclei where their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell

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8
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

cells that don’t contain nuclei

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9
Q

What are two things that eukaryotes and prokaryotes both have?

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane

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10
Q

What are organelles?

A

little organs within the cell

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11
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

jellylike substance outside of nucleus but enclosed by the cell membrane; where all organelles are found

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12
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

thin flexible barrier made of a lipid bilayer that surrounds cells

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasm?

A

give cell its shape

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14
Q

What is a lipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

A

2 layers of lipid with proteins embedded and CHO chains attached to the proteins

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15
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

1) regulates what comes in & out of cell
2) protection
3) support

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16
Q

What is the cell wall?

A
  • rigid layer outside of cell membrane
  • made of CHOs and protein
  • found only in plant cells
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17
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

to provide support and protection to the cell

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18
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Small dense region inside the nucleus

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19
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

to make ribosomes

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20
Q

What is chromatin?

A

granular material that consists of DNA; found in the nucleus

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21
Q

What happens to chromatin as the cell divides?

A

it condenses to form chromosomes

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22
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

thread-like structures that contain genetic info

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23
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

peanut shaped organelle enclosed by 2 membranes; only inherited from mother

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24
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use for energy

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25
Q

What is the golgi apparatus or complex?

A

stacks of membranes closely packed together

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the golgi complex?

A

to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from ER for storage in the cell or for secretion out of the cell (postal service)

27
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

a small particle of RNA and protein; found throughout cytoplasm or attached to rough ER

28
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

to make protein

29
Q

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

internal membrane system without ribosomes; contains enzymes

30
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

make lipids; transport materials inside cell

31
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

internal membrane system with ribosomes attached; surrounds the nucleus

32
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

synthesis of proteins from ribosomes

33
Q

What is the centriole?

A

located near the nucleus; made of microtubules; only found in animal cells

34
Q

What is the purpose of the centriole?

A

help with cell division (mitosis and meiosis)

35
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

network of protein filaments; made of microfilaments and microtubules

36
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

help support the cell; maintain its shape; help materials move within the cell

37
Q

What is the lysosome?

A

small organelle filled with enzymes; found only in animal cells

38
Q

What are the functions of the lysosome?

A

eat/break down lipids, CHO, and proteins; remove junk from cell; break down old organelles

39
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

large stacks of membranes; double membrane; found only in plant cells

40
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

capture energy from sunlight and convert it into high energy sugars; photosynthesis

41
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

storage saclike structures; large central vacuole is found in plant cells only

42
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

store water, food, salts, CHOs. proteins, and wastes

43
Q

What is the contractile vacuole? Functions?

A

specialized vacuole that pumps excess water out of cells; helps maintain homeostasis

44
Q

What is the concentration of a solution?

A

the mass solute in a given volume of solution or mass/volume

45
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

46
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

47
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

48
Q

What does it mean when a membrane is semipermeable or selectively permeable?

A

some substances can pass across them and other can’t

49
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

when concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system

50
Q

What is isotonic?

A

concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell (water in, water out)

51
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell (water out)

52
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell (water in)

53
Q

What happens during facilitated diffusion?

A

molecules such as glucose that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer on their own move through protein channels instead

54
Q

What is the function of the CHO in the cell membrane?

A

chemical identification cards, so cells can communicate with each other

55
Q

What is active transport?

A

when cells need to move materials against a concentration difference; requires energy

56
Q

How do small molecules or ions transport across a membrane during active transport?

A

transport protein pumps that are found in membrane

57
Q

How do larger molecules and clumps of material be actively transported?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

58
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of the cell membrane

59
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

cell eating; extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole; amoebas do this

60
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

form of taking in liquid

61
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

membrane of vacuole surrounding material fuses with cell membrane, forcing the contents out of cell; removal of water is carried out by contractile vacuole

62
Q

What is cell specialization?

A

when different cells develop to perform different tasks in a body

63
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that hasn’t specialized yet

64
Q

What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism?

A

individual cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Biology (17 decks)

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