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Biology > Chapter 2- The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2- The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the subatomic particles that make up atoms?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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2
Q

What are the main types of chemical bonds?

A

covalent and ionic bonds

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of matter?

A

atom

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4
Q

What is at the center of the atom?

A

a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons that are bind together by strong forces

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5
Q

What is an electron?

A

a negatively charged particle (-) with 1/1840 the mass of a proton; constantly in motion, surrounding the nucleus; attracted to the positively charged nucleus

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6
Q

What is a proton?

A

positively charged particles (+)

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7
Q

What is a neutron?

A

particles that carry no charge

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8
Q

Why are all atoms neutral?

A

because there is an equal number of protons and electrons

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9
Q

What is a chemical element?

A

a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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10
Q

What are isotopes?

A

atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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11
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons in an element

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12
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

of protons + # of neutrons

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13
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions (NaCl)

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14
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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15
Q

What are ions?

A

positively or negatively charged atoms

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16
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

when electrons are shared between atoms (water)

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17
Q

What are van der Waals forces?

A

when molecules are together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules; not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds

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18
Q

Why is a water molecule polar?

A

because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms

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19
Q

What do acidic solutions have more of than water?

A

concentration of H+ ions

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20
Q

What are the pH values for acidic solutions?

A

0<7

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21
Q

What do basic solutions have less of than water?

A

concentration of H+ ions

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22
Q

What are the pH values of basic solutions?

A

7<14

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23
Q

What happens to water when it freezes?

A

it expands making them less dense

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24
Q

What is cohesion?

A

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

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25
Q

What is adhesion?

A

an attraction between molecules of different substances

26
Q

What is a mixture?

A

a material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are PHYSICALLY mixed together but not chemically combined

27
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture of 2 or more substances in which all substances are evenly distributed

28
Q

What is a solute?

A

the solid substance being dissolved

29
Q

What is a solvent?

A

the liquid substance that dissolves the solute

30
Q

What is a suspension?

A

mixture of water and non-dissolved material (blood & orange juice)

31
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

a measurement system that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

32
Q

What are buffers?

A

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids and bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

33
Q

What are the 4 organic compounds found in living things?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

34
Q

What do living things use carbohydrates for?

A

Their main source of energy; some use it for structural purposes

35
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

to store energy; some are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

36
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information

37
Q

What do proteins do?

A
  • control rate of reactions
  • regulate cell processes
  • build tissues (bone and muscle)
  • transport materials
  • help fight disease
38
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

giant molecules

39
Q

What is polymerization?

A

the process where large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together

40
Q

What are monomers and polymers?

A

Monomers are the smaller units that join together to form polymers

41
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (1:2:1)

42
Q

What are monosaccharides? List some examples.

A

single sugar molecules; ex. glucose, galactose, and fructose

43
Q

What are polysaccharides? Give examples.

A

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides; ex. glycogen (animal starch) and cellulose

44
Q

What are lipids? What are its common categories?

A

made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; it is not soluble; common categories: fats, oils, and waxes

45
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid is unsaturated?

A

there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond

46
Q

What does it mean when a fatty acid is polyunsaturated?

A

fatty acids that contain more than one carbon double bond

47
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous.

48
Q

What are nucleotides? What are their three parts?

A

monomers of nucleic acids; a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

49
Q

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

50
Q

What are proteins?

A

macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; polymers of amino acids; most diverse of macromolecules b/c of shape and arrangement

51
Q

Where are the instructions for the arrangements of proteins found?

A

DNA

52
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another; mass and energy are conserved

53
Q

What are reactants?

A

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

54
Q

What are products?

A

the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

55
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the energy that is needed to get a reaction started

56
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; they work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy

57
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins that act as biological catalysts; very specific

58
Q

What are substrates?

A

reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

59
Q

Chemical reactions always involve changes in what?

A

in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds

60
Q

How do chemical reactions that release energy occur? (exothermic)

A

spontaneously-natural & uninhibited manner

61
Q

How will a chemical reaction that absorb energy (endothermic) occur?

A

With a source of energy (most organisms use endothermic reactions since they need a source of energy )

62
Q

What are active sites?

A

sites in enzymes where reactants (substrates) can bind to

Biology (17 decks)

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