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Radiologic Pathology > Chapter 7 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is lined with a smooth, delicate membrane called the:
a) myocardium.
b) pericardium
c) epicardium.
d) endocardium.

A

Endocardium

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2
Q

The heart rate is controlled by the:
a) autonomic nervous system.
b) sympathetic nervous system.
c) AV node.
d) Purkinje fibers.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

Which hormone increases heart rate and increases the force of its contractions?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Epinephrine
c) Norepinephrine
d) Cortisone

A

Epinephrine

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4
Q

The left atrioventricular (AV) valve is also called the:
a) tricuspid valve
b) mitral valve
c) quadcuspid valve
d) chordae tendineae.

A

Mitral valve

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5
Q

Which structure separates the right and left sides of the heart?
a) Papillary muscle
b) Myocardium
c) Septum
d) Endocardium

A

Septum

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6
Q

The tricuspid valve is located:
a) between the left ventricle and aorta
b) between the left atrium and ventricle
c) between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
d) between the right atrium and ventricle.

A

Between the right atrium and ventricle

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7
Q

Deoxygenated venous blood returns to the heart via the:
a) right and left coronary arteries.
b) pulmonary veins.
c) superior and inferior vena cava
d) pulmonary arteries.

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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8
Q

The superior and inferior vena cava empty into the:
a) right atrium.
b) left atrium
c) right ventricle
d) left ventricle.

A

Right Atrium

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9
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood into the:
a) pulmonary veins
b) aorta
c) superior and inferior vena cava
d) pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary artery

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10
Q

The pulmonary veins empty into the:
a) right atrium.
b) right ventricle
c) left atrium.
d) left ventricle.

A

Left Atrium

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11
Q

Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs via the:
a) pulmonary veins.
b) pulmonary arteries.
c) aorta.
d) coronary arteries.

A

Pulmonary arteries

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12
Q

Systole is defined as the:
a) contraction phase.
b) relaxation phase.
c) resting phase.
d) mechanical phase.

A

Contraction phase

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13
Q

What term is applied to the contraction phase of the heart?
a) Diastole
b) Systole
c) Impulse
d) Synapse

A

Systole

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14
Q

What term is applied to the relaxed, filling phase of the heart?
a) Synapse
b) Impulse
c) Systole
d) Diastole

A

Diastole

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15
Q

Which of the following is termed the “pacemaker” of the heart?
a) Purkinje fibers
b) Bundle of His
c) SA node
d) AV node

A

SA node

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16
Q

Which of the following is the correct order of the impulse of a heartbeat through the components of the conduction system?
a) SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, Purkinje fibers
b) AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, SA node
c) SA node, Bundle of His, AV node, Purkinje fibers
d) AV node, Purkinje fibers, SA node, Bundle of His

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, Purkinje fibers

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17
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?
a) Provide the contraction, pumping action
of the heart.
b) Initiate the heartbeat.
c) Protect against friction and permit free movement of the heart during contraction.
d) Provide an intrinsic rhythm in case the autonomic nervous system fails.

A

Protect against friction and permit free movement of the heart during contraction

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18
Q

The double-walled membranous sac that protects against friction and permits the heart to move freely during contraction is called the:
a) epicardium
b) pericardium
c) endocardium
d) myocardium

A

Pericardium

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19
Q

The most common congenital cardiac lesions are:
a) tetralogy of Fallot.
b) coarctation of the aorta.
c) right-to-left shunts.
d) left-to-right shunts.

A

Left-to-right shunts

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20
Q

Which condition results when the foramen ovale fails to close soon after birth?
a) Atrial septal defect
b) Ventricular septal defect
c) Tetralogy of Fallot
d) Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Atrial septal defect

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21
Q

Which congenital cardiac lesion appears radiographically as an enlarged left atrium, left ventricle, and central pulmonary arteries, along with diffuse increased pulmonary vasculature?
a. Atrial septal defect
b. Patent foramen ovale
c. Patent ductus arteriosus
d. Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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22
Q

Which congenital cardiac lesion appears radiographically as an enlarged right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary outflow tract?
a. Coarctation of the aorta
b. Atrial septal defect
c. Ventricular spetal defect
d. Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Atrial septal defect

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23
Q

What is the radiographic evidence of ventricular septal defect?
a) Enlarged right atrium and ventricle
b) Enlarged left ventricle
c) Enlarged aorta
d) Enlarged pulmonary trunk

A

Enlarged pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

Which of the following is an abnormal vascular connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta?
a. Patent ductus arteriosus
b. Patent foramen ovale
c. Rheumatic heart disease
d. Chordae tendineae

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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25
Q

All left-to-right shunts can be complicated by the development of:
a) pulmonary hypertension.
b) congestive heart failure.
c) rheumatic heart disease.
d) mitral valve prolapse.

A

Pulmonary hypertension

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26
Q

Which imaging modality is the most definitive, yet the most invasive, for demonstration of the heart atria and ventricles?
a. MRI
b. Echocardiography
c. CT
d. Angiography

A

Angiography

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27
Q

What is the most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease?
a) Coarctation of the aorta
b) Tetralogy of Fallot
c) Ventricular septal defect
d) Atrial septal defect

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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28
Q

Constriction of the aorta at the distal arch is termed: a) coarctation of the aorta.
b) tetralogy of Fallot.
c) aortic prolapse.
d) aortic valve insufficiency.

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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29
Q

Which of the following shows up clinically as normal blood pressure in the upper extremities and low blood pressure in the lower extremities?
a. Aortic prolapse
b. Mitral valve prolapse
c. Coarctation of the aorta
d. Ventricular septal defect

A

Coarctation of the aorta

30
Q

Rib notching is a radiographic characteristic of:
a) ventricular septal defect.
b) coarctation of the aorta.
c) atrial septal defect.
d) tetralogy of Fallot.

A

Coarctation of the aorta

31
Q

Which of the following causes ischemic heart disease as a result of decreased oxygen to the myocardium?
a. Mitral valve prolapse
b. Tetralogy of Fallot
c. Coronary artery disease
d. Coarctation of the aorta

A

Coronary artery disease

32
Q

What is atherosclerosis?
a) Fatty deposits on the inner lining of arteries.
b) Loss of arterial wall elasticity.
c) Calcification of the aorta caused by metabolic error.
d) Sudden, acute arterial collapse.

A

Fatty deposits on the inner lining of arteries

33
Q

Fatty deposits along the lining of arterial walls is termed:
a) coarctation.
b) atherosclerosis.
c) Eisenmenger’s syndrome.
d) myocardial infarction.

A

Atherosclerosis

34
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?
a) An accumulation of fatty material on the
myocardium
b) A drastic increase in the size of myocardial cells
c) Death of myocardial cells
d) Neoplastic proliferation of myocardial cells

A

Death of myocardial cells

35
Q

Death of myocardial cells caused by a lack of blood supply is known as a:
a) congestive heart failure (CHF).
b) cardiogenic shock.
c) cardiopulmonary ischemia.
d) myocardial infarction.

A

Myocardial infarction

36
Q

The inability of the heart to propel blood at a rate and volume sufficient to provide an adequate supply to the tissues is called:
a. myocardial infarction.
b. congestive heart failure.
c. cardiogenic shock.
d. coronary angioplasty.

A

Congestive heart failure

37
Q

Which of the following are causes of congestive heart failure?
a) Hypertension
b) Impaired heart contractions
c) Increased peripheral resistance to blood flow
d) Hypertension, Impaired heart contractions and increased peripheral resistance to blood flow

A

Hypertension, Impaired heart contractions and increased peripheral resistance to blood flow

38
Q

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues is termed:
a) pulmonary edema.
b) congestive heart failure.
c) pulmonary embolism.
d) pulmonary infarct.

A

Pulmonary edema

39
Q

The most common cause of pulmonary edema is:
a) mitral valve disease.
b) embolism.
c) bronchial tumor.
d) elevated pulmonary venous pressure.

A

Elevated pulmonary venous pressure

40
Q

Which of the following might cause pulmonary edema?
a) Mitral valve disease
b) Narcotic overdose
c) Adult respiratory distress syndrome
d) Mitral valve disease, narcotic overdose, and adult respiratory distress syndrome

A

Mitral valve disease, narcotic overdose, and adult respiratory distress syndrome

41
Q

The leading cause of strokes and CHF is:
a) myocardial infarction.
b) cardiogenic shock.
c) hypertension.
d) pulmonary edema.

A

Hypertension

42
Q

High blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure above _____ mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above _____ mm Hg.
a. 90/140
b. 140/90
c. 100/70
d. 70/100

A

140/90

43
Q

What is an aneurysm?
a) An area of an artery in which the lumen is narrowed or stenotic.
b) An area of an artery in which the walls are dilated.
c) A benign tumor of the inner lining of the arterial wall.
d) A malignant tumor of the muscular layer of the arterial wall.

A

An area of an artery in which the walls are dilated

44
Q

A localized dilatation of an artery is termed a(n):
a) aneurysm.
b) coarctation.
c) stenosis.
d) dissection.

A

Aneurysm

45
Q

When an artery is dilated, or bulging, on only one side of the arterial wall, it is termed a:
a) fusiform aneurysm.
b) saccular aneurysm.
c) lobar arterial tumor.
d) unilobar arterial tumor.

A

Saccular aneurysm

46
Q

When the entire circumference of the vessel wall is bulging, it is called a:
a) fusiform aneurysm.
b) saccular aneurysm.
c) lobar arterial tumor.
d) unilobar arterial tumor.

A

Fusiform aneurysm

47
Q

A potentially fatal complication of closed chest trauma is:
a) aneurysm.
b) aortic stenosis.
c) traumatic rupture of aorta.
d) aortic valve insufficiency.

A

Traumatic rupture of aorta

48
Q

What is an aortic dissection?
a) Complete tear of arterial wall
b) Congenital anomaly in which the lumen is duplicated
c) Traumatic disruption of the aorta from the root at the junction of the left ventricle
d) Disruption of the intima allowing blood to flow between the layers of the wall

A

Disruption of the intima allowing blood to flow between the layers of the wall

49
Q

What is a thrombus?
a) A piece of a blood clot that enters the bloodstream
b) An intravascular clot
c) Traumatic aortic dissection
d) A tear in the inner lining of the artery

A

An intravascular clot

50
Q

What is an embolism?
a) A piece of a blood clot that enters the bloodstream
b) A clot inside a blood vessel
c) A tear in the lining of an artery
d) A weakness in an artery wall

A

A piece of a blood clot that enters the blood stream

51
Q

An autoimmune disease that results from a reaction of a patient’s antibodies against antigens from a previous streptococcal infection is called:
a. infective endocarditis.
b. pericardial effusion.
c. infectious pericardial edema.
d. rheumatic fever.

A

Rheumatic fever

52
Q

What structures are typically damaged by rheumatic fever?
a) Coronary arteries
b) Myocardium and endocardium
c) Red blood cells and blood platelets
d) Heart valves

A

Heart valves

53
Q

Which of the following conditions are complications of rheumatic fever?
a) Mitral valve stenosis
b) Aortic valve insufficiency
c) Aortic valve stenosis
d) Mitral valve and aortic valve stenosis and Aortic valve insufficiency

A

Mitral valve and aortic valve stenosis and Aortic valve insufficiency

54
Q

Which imaging modality is the most sensitive and specific noninvasive method for diagnosing mitral valve stenosis?
a. Chest radiography
b. Echocardiography
c. CT
d. MRI

A

Echocardiography

55
Q

Which of the following might cause aortic valve insufficiency?
a) Syphilis and Infective endocarditis
b) Infective endocarditis and Deep vein thrombosis
c) Syphilis and Deep vein thrombosis
d) Deep vein thrombosis

A

Syphilis and Infective endocarditis

56
Q

A disease in which the growth of nodules or vegetations on the heart valves is caused by deposits of bacteria or fungi is known as:
a. pericardial effusion.
b. infectious pulmonary edema.
c. infective endocarditis.
d. deep vein thrombosis.

A

Infective endocarditis

57
Q

The accumulation of fluid in the membrane surrounding the heart is termed:
a) infective endocarditis
b) deep vein thrombosis
c) pericardial effusion
d) pulmonary edema

A

Pericardial effusion

58
Q

Which of the following is a major source of fatal pulmonary emboli?
a) Pericardial effusion
b) Pulmonary edema
c) Deep vein thrombosis
d) Infective endocarditis

A

Deep vein thrombosis

59
Q

Dilated and tortuous superficial veins of the leg are called:
a) varicose veins.
b) deep vein thrombosis.
c) vesiculitis.
d) aneurysms.

A

Varicose veins

60
Q

Which of the following is a noninvasive technique used for diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis?
a. Venography
b. CT
c. MRI
d. Color-flow Doppler ultrasound

A

Color-flow Doppler ultrasound

61
Q

All of the following are predisposing factors to the development of coronary artery disease except:
a. hypertension.
b. obesity.
c. congential defects
d. smoking

A

Congenital defects

62
Q

How is cardiomegaly evaluated on a PA chest radiograph?
a) Measurement of the cardiothoracic ratio
b) Evaluation of the height of the right hemidiaphragm
c) Evaluation of the left hemidiaphragm
d) Cardiomegaly cannot be evaluated on a PA chest radiograph

A

Measurement of the cardiothoracic ratio

63
Q

All of the following are causes of aortic stenosis, except:
a) rheumatic heart disease.
b) coronary artery disease.
c) idiopathic calcific stenosis.
d) congenital valvular deformity.

A

coronary artery disease

64
Q

(T/F) Right-to-left shunts are the most common congenital cardiac lesions.

A

False

65
Q

(T/F) Tetralogy of Fallot involves four abnormalities.

A

True

66
Q

(T/F) The most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease is atrial septal defect.

A

False

67
Q

(T/F) Rib notching demonstrated on chest radiographs is a characteristic of coarctation of the aorta.

A

True

68
Q

(T/F) A fusiform aneurysm is a localized weakness that bulges out on only one side of the artery wall.

A

False

69
Q

(T/F) A thrombus is a piece of an embolism that has broken free into the circulating bloodstream.

A

False

70
Q

(T/F) Deep vein thrombosis is a primary source of pulmonary embolism.

A

True

71
Q

(T/F) Regurgitation of blood through a heart valve means that blood is flowing backward from an opening that is too large or through cusps that do not close properly.

A

True

72
Q

(T/F) Rheumatic fever is a primary cause of valvular disease.

A

True

Radiologic Pathology (7 decks)

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