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Radiologic Pathology > Chapter 5 Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the process of digestion begin?
Stomach
Small intestine
Mouth
Esophagus

A

Mouth

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2
Q

What is mastication?
Chewing
Swallowing
Solid waste excretion
Rhythmic contractions that move digestive contents through the GI tract

A

Chewing

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3
Q

Deglutition is defined as:
rhythmic contractions that move diagnostic digestive contents through the GI tract
chewing
liquid waste excretion
swallowing

A

swallowing

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4
Q

Where does the greatest amount of digestion occur? Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Colon

A

Duodenum

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5
Q

Smooth muscle contractions that move the contents of the digestive system along the GI tract are called:
a. peristalsis
b. deglutition
c. mastication
d. emulsification

A

peristalsis

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6
Q

Which of the following is an emulsifier that aids in the breakdown of fats during digestion?
a. Bile
b. Trypsin
c. Pepsin
d. Chyme

A

Bile

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7
Q

Which of the following are digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas?
(1) Trypsin
(2) Chyme
(3) Chymotrypsin
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

A

1 and 3 only

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8
Q

What is the largest gland in the body? Pancreas
Thyroid
Adrenals
Liver

A

liver

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9
Q

A pear-shaped organ that lies on the undersurface of the liver is the:
a. pancreas.
b. spleen.
c. gallbladder.
d. duodenum.

A

Gallbladder

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10
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?
Produce bile.
Store and concentrate bile.
Produce trypsin.
Break down glycogen.

A

store and concentrate bile

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11
Q

An increase in glucose in the blood stimulates the beta cells in the _____ to secrete _____.
a. pancreas; insulin
b. pancreas; glucagon
c. liver; glycogen
d. liver; insulin

A

pancreas; insulin

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12
Q

Acquired tracheoesophageal (TE) fistulas are commonly caused by:
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Barrett’s esophagus.
malignancy in the mediastinum.
portal hypertension.

A

malignancy in the mediastinum

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13
Q

What is esophageal atresia?
An abnormal communication between the esophagus and the respiratory system
Dilated, tortuous veins of the esophagus
Functional obstruction causing proximal dilatation
Congenital condition in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch

A

Congenital condition in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch

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14
Q

Failure of a satisfactory esophageal lumen to develop separate from the trachea is termed:
a. tracheoesophageal fistula.
b. achalasia.
c. Barrett’s esophagus.
d. hiatal hernia.

A

tracheoesophageal fistula

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15
Q

The most common type of congenital TE fistula is:
type I.
type II.
type III.
type IV.

A

Type III

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16
Q

Which of the following is a serious complication of TE fistula?
Hiatal hernia
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Esophagitis
Aspiration pneumonia

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of acute esophagitis?
TE fistula
Gastroesophageal reflux
Infection
Malignancy

A

Gastroesophageal reflux

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18
Q

What increases the likelihood of reflux esophagitis?
Hiatal hernia
Achalasia
Portal hypertension
Diverticula

A

Hiatal hernia

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19
Q

What condition is associated with severe reflux esophagitis?
Varices
Barrett’s esophagus
Traction diverticula
TE fistula

A

Barrett’s esophagus

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20
Q

Which organisms are most often responsible for infectious esophagitis?
Streptococcal bacteria and herpesvirus
Helicobacter pylori bacteria and Candida fungus
Herpesvirus and H. pylori bacteria
Candida fungus and herpesvirus

A

Candida fungus and herpesvirus

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21
Q

Difficulty swallowing is termed:
deglutition.
mastication.
dysphagia.
aphasia.

A

Dysphagia

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22
Q

Which of the following is strongly correlated with esophageal carcinoma?
(1) Excessive alcohol intake
(2) Smoking
(3) Portal hypertension
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

A

1 and 2 only

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23
Q

Which imaging procedure is used to detect esophageal carcinoma?
CT
NM
US
Double-contrast barium swallow

A

Double-contrast barium swallow

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24
Q

Which imaging modality is used to stage esophageal carcinoma?
Double-contrast barium swallow
CT
Ultrasound
Nuclear medicine

A

CT

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25
Q

Which type of esophageal diverticulum contains all layers of the wall?
Traction
Pulsion
Zenker’s
Epiphrenic

A

Traction

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26
Q

Which type of diverticulum arises from the posterior wall of the cervical esophagus?
Traction
Pulsion
Zenker’s
Epiphrenic

A

Zenker’s

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27
Q

Which type of diverticulum arises in the distal 10 cm of the esophagus?
Zenker’s
Pulsion
Traction
Epiphrenic

A

Epiphrenic

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28
Q

Dilated veins in the walls of the esophagus are termed: diverticula.
varices.
dysphagia.
achalasia.

A

varices

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29
Q

What is the most common cause of dilated veins in the walls of the esophagus?
a. Abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter
b. Reflux of abdominal contents into the esophagus
c. Portal hypertension
d. Weakness in the vessel wall

A

Portal hypertension

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30
Q

Which imaging procedure is used to demonstrate dilated veins in the walls of the esophagus?
a. Upper GI
b. Barium enema
c. MRI
d. Double-contrast barium swallow

A

Double-contrast barium swallow

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31
Q

What is the most common abnormality found on upper GI exams?
Hiatal hernia
Esophageal varices
Esophageal diverticula
Gastric ulcer

A

Hiatal hernia

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32
Q

Refer to the image. What esophageal pathologic condition is demonstrated?
a. Varices
b. Hiatal hernia
c. Barrett’s esophagus
d. Esophageal diverticulum

A

Esophageal diverticulum

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33
Q

Refer to the image. This esophageal pathologic condition is described as resembling beads on a rosary. What pathologic condition is evident in this image?
a. Varices
b. Hiatal hernia
c. Esophageal diverticula
d. Gastric ulcer

A

Varices

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34
Q

Perforation of the esophagus may be a complication of all of the following except:
neoplasm.
instrumentation.
peptic ulcer.
hiatal hernia.

A

hiatal hernia

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35
Q

Which of the following are complications of peptic ulcer disease?
(1) Hemorrhage
(2) Obstruction
(3) Perforation
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3 only

A

1, 2, and 3 only

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36
Q

What is the most common cause of acute gastrointestinal bleeding?
Peptic ulcer disease
Esophageal varices
Esophageal diverticula
Gastric cancer

A

Peptic ulcer disease

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37
Q

What is the most common manifestation of peptic ulcer disease?
Gastric ulcer in fundus
Duodenal ulcer
Gastric ulcer on lesser curvature
Esophageal ulcer

A

Duodenal ulcer

38
Q

Where is the most common location of gastric ulcers? Fundus
Body
Lesser curvature
Greater curvature

A

Lesser curvature

39
Q

Where in the stomach do most gastric cancers occur? Fundus
Cardiac antrum
Body
Distal stomach

A

Distal stomach

40
Q

Which imaging modality is used to stage gastric carcinoma?
Ultrasound
Upper GI series
CT
MRI

41
Q

A chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that often affects the terminal ileum is called:
a. Crohn’s disease
b. malabsorption syndrome
c. diverticulosis
d. gastritis

A

Crohn’s disease

42
Q

The most common cause of a mechanical small bowel obstruction is:
lack of peristalsis.
intussusception.
fibrous adhesions.
volvulus.

A

fibrous adhesions

43
Q

A common disorder of intestinal motor activity in which fluid and gas do not progress normally through an unobstructed bowel is called:
a. regional enteritis.
b. adynamic ileus.
c. intussusception.
d. ischemic colitis.

A

adynamic ileus

44
Q

Which of the following is a major cause of bowel obstruction in children?
Volvulus
Intussusception
Abdominal surgery
Intraluminal neoplasm

A

Intussusception

45
Q

What is intussusception?
a. A twisting of the bowel on itself
b. A type of inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause, with an associated psychogenic element
c. Acquired herniation of the mucosa and submucosa of the intestinal wall
d. The teloscoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another

A

The teloscoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another

46
Q

In which age-group is appendicitis most common?
Infants and toddlers
Children and adolescents
Young adults
Elderly adults

A

Children and adolescents

47
Q

Which imaging modality is the gold standard for appendicitis?
Radiography (KUB)
Fluoroscopy (barium enema)
CT
MRI

48
Q

A condition of acquired herniations of mucosa and submucosa through muscular layers at points of weaknesses of the bowel wall is known as:
a. diverticulosis.
b. ulcerative colitis.
c. Crohn’s colitis.
d. volvulus.

A

Diverticulosis

49
Q

Refer to the image below. This typical saw-tooth configuration demonstrated on a barium enema exam is evidence of:
a. ulcerative colitis
b. diverticulosis
c. appendicitis
d. intussusception

A

diverticulosis

50
Q

Progressive shortening and rigidity of the colon and absent haustral patterns are radiographic evidence of:
a. appendicitis.
b. diverticulosis.
c. diverticulitis.
d. chronic ulcerative colitis.

A

chronic ulcerative colitis

51
Q

Which of the following is an ominous complication of ulcerative colitis?
Hemorrhage
Toxic megacolon
Obstruction
Perforation

A

Toxic megacolon

52
Q

Which of the following is associated with prior cardiovascular disease?
Diverticulosis
Ulcerative colitis
Ischemic colitis
Irritable bowel syndrome

A

Ischemic colitis

53
Q

Which of the following is one of the most typical forms of primary colon cancer?
Polypoid
Fungating
Ulcerative
Annular

54
Q

What is one of the most common causes of obstruction in the large bowel?
Intussusception
Primary colon cancer
Volvulus
Appendicitis

A

Primary colon cancer

55
Q

Which of the following technical adjustments is required when imaging a patient with known obstruction of the large bowel?
a. Increase in kVp
b. Decrease in kVp
c. Increase in kVp and double mAs
d. Decrease in kVp and half mAs

A

Decrease in kVp

56
Q

Where in the colon do most primary cancers arise?
In preexisting polyps
In diverticula
In the perianal area
In the ileocecal valve

A

In preexisting polyps

57
Q

Where in the colon do most primary cancers arise?
In preexisting polyps
In diverticula
In the perianal area
In the ileocecal valve

A

In preexisting polyps

58
Q

A twisting of the bowel on itself that may lead to obstruction is termed:
intussusception.
colitis.
appendicitis.
volvulus.

59
Q

Varicose veins of the lower end of the rectum that cause symptoms of pain, itching, and bleeding are:
a. volvulus.
b. intussusception.
c. hemorrhoids.
d. Crohn’s disease

A

Hemorrhoids

60
Q

Which type of gallstone is most prevalent in the United States?
Cholesterol
Pigment
Mixed cholesterol and calcium carbonate
Gallstones are not prevalent rare in the United States.

A

Cholesterol

61
Q

What is the current imaging modality of choice for the gallbladder?
Nuclear medicine
Ultrasound
Radiography
CT

A

Ultrasound

62
Q

What is the primary cause of acute cholecystitis?
Infection of the biliary system
Cirrhosis of the liver
Impacted gallstone in the cystic duct
Peptic ulcer disease

A

Impacted gallstone in the cystic duct

63
Q

What condition results from chronic cholecystitis in which the gallbladder becomes fibrotic and calcified?
a. Cholecystectomy
b. Pseudocyst
c. Biliary carcinoma
d. Porcelain gallbladder

A

Porcelain gallbladder

64
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma most commonly occurs in patients with:
diffuse hepatocellular disease.
chronic hepatitis.
porcelain gallbladder.
portal hypertension.

A

diffuse hepatocellular disease

65
Q

What is the modality of choice to image hepatocellular carcinoma?
Radiography
CT
MRI
Nuclear medicine

66
Q

What is a common complication of cirrhosis?
Acute pancreatitis
Portal hypertension
Ascites
Biliary obstruction

67
Q

Which of the following is appropriate when imaging a patient with known liver cirrhosis complicated by ascites?
a. Increase in kVp
b. Decrease in kVp
c. Increase in kVp and decrease in mAs by
half
d. Double mAs

A

Increase in kVp

68
Q

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
Blockage of pancreatic duct by impacted
stone
Diabetes
Excessive alcohol consumption
Cirrhosis

A

Excessive alcohol consumption

69
Q

Which imaging modality is the most effective for detection of carcinoma of the pancreas?
a. Ultrasound
b. Nuclear medicine
c. MRI
d. CT

70
Q

Which of the following is a sign of perforation of the GI tract?
Acute pancreatitis
Pneumoperitoneum
Pseudocysts
Localized ileus

A

Pneumoperitoneum

71
Q

Which imaging modality is the preferred method for the detection of pyloric stenosis?
a. Ultrasound
b. MRI
c. CT
d. Radiography

A

Ultrasound

72
Q

Pyloric stenosis usually results in:
a. perforation of the pylorus
b. malabsorption syndrome.
c. atrophy of the gastric mucosa.
d. obstruction that prevents food from entering the duodenum.

A

obstruction that prevents food from entering the duodenum

73
Q

Refer to the image. This disorder is caused by a loss of bowel motility. What disorder is demonstrated in this abdominal radiograph?
a. Mechanical obstruction
b. Adynamic ileus
c. Volvulus
d. Intussusception

A

Adynamic ileus

74
Q

(T/F) Ascites is a common complication of liver cirrhosis

75
Q

(T/F) Esophageal atresia and TE fistula are often associated with other congential malformations of the skeletal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems

76
Q

(T/F) GERD is a common complication of hiatal hernia

77
Q

(T/F) Esophageal carcinoma is often detected early and carries a good prognosis.

78
Q

(T/F) Esophageal varices are most commonly caused by a malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter

79
Q

(T/F) Hiatal hernia is the most common disorder diagnosed on upper GI exams.

80
Q

(T/F) Peptic ulcer disease most commonly occurs in the duodenum

81
Q

(T/F) Gastric cancer is relatively rare in the United States

82
Q

(T/F) Crohn’s disease most commonly occurs in geriatric patients

83
Q

(T/F) Crohn’s disease most commonly occurs in geriatric patients

84
Q

(T/F) The cause of regional enteritis is unkown

85
Q

(T/F) Small bowel obstructions area usually caused by intraluminal neoplasms

86
Q

(T/F) Teloscoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another is called volvulus

87
Q

(T/F) The twisting of the bowel on itself is called a volvulus

88
Q

(T/F) Porcelain gallbladder increases the risk of gallbladder carcinoma

89
Q

(T/F) Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in persons with cirrhosis

90
Q

(T/F) Primary liver cancer is more common than liver metasasis

91
Q

(T/F) About 60% of pancreatic cancers occur in the tail of the pancreas

92
Q

(T/F) Pneumoperitoneum is a sign of perforation of the GI tract.

Radiologic Pathology (7 decks)

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