Chapter 7 Bullous Diseases Flashcards
What is immune-mediated cytopenia?
“A condition where the immune system destroys blood cells”
What are the types of immune-mediated cytopenias in horses?
“Anemia
What can cause immune-mediated cytopenia in horses?
“Autoimmune disorders
What is the most common cause of cell loss in equine immune-mediated cytopenia?
“Enhanced peripheral destruction of cells”
What type of antibody-mediated response is involved in immune-mediated cytopenia?
“Cytotoxic type II antibody-mediated response”
What are common signs of severe immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in horses?
“Weakness
What is a key diagnostic indicator of intravascular hemolysis?
“Hemoglobinuria (red urine)”
What is a rare but severe complication of neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in foals?
“Kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy)”
What is the primary cause of peripheral destruction of red blood cells in IMHA?
“Binding of antibodies to the red blood cell surface”
What are autoantibodies in IMHA often secondary to?
“Lymphoma
What type of immunoglobulin is most commonly associated with immune-mediated cytopenias?
“IgG”
What is a common drug that can cause immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?
“Penicillin”
What is the main site of red blood cell removal in immune-mediated anemia?
“The spleen”
What is a key diagnostic test for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?
“Direct Coombs’ antiglobulin test”
What are the primary treatments for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?
“Removal of the offending drug
What is the preferred corticosteroid for treating IMHA in horses?
“Dexamethasone”
What is a key supportive treatment for severe anemia in horses?
“Blood transfusion”
What is neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) caused by?
“Colostrum-derived alloantibodies against foal’s red blood cells”
What is the recommended prevention method for foals at risk of NI?
“Preventing nursing and providing alternate colostrum or plasma transfusion”
What are the common clinical signs of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT)?
“Epistaxis
What is a common drug that can cause IMT in horses?
“Trimethoprim-sulfa”
What is neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT)?
“A condition where foals ingest colostrum with alloantibodies against their platelets”
What is a rare but serious complication of severe thrombocytopenia?
“Intracranial hemorrhage”
What are the primary immunologic mechanisms involved in IMT?
“Hypersensitivity type II reactions”
What are key diagnostic indicators of IMT?
“Increased mean platelet volume (MPV) and positive reticular staining”
What is the main treatment for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia?
“Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids or azathioprine”
What is a key supportive treatment for severe IMT?
“Platelet-rich plasma transfusion”
What is immune-mediated neutropenia?
“A condition where the immune system destroys neutrophils”
What is a common cause of immune-mediated neutropenia in foals?
“Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI)”
What is the main diagnostic method for immune-mediated neutropenia?
“Detection of anti-neutrophil antibodies by flow cytometry”
What is a key treatment for neonatal alloimmune neutropenia?
“Early antimicrobial treatment and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)”
What is a common complication of immune-mediated neutropenia?
“Increased risk of infection and sepsis”
What is the role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in treating neutropenia?
“To increase production and release of neutrophils from the bone marrow”
What is a common cause of immune-mediated anemia in adult horses?
“Neoplastic diseases”
What is the prognosis for horses with immune-mediated cytopenias?
“Depends on the underlying cause and response to treatment”
What are the primary goals in treating immune-mediated cytopenias?
“Removing the offending element
What is a major risk factor for developing drug-induced immune-mediated cytopenia?
“Previous exposure to the drug”
What is a key prevention strategy for neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI)?
“Blood factor assay to determine compatibility between mare and foal”
What is a common clinical sign of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in foals?
“Icterus (yellowing of the mucous membranes)”
What is the role of the spleen in immune-mediated cytopenias?
“Removal of antibody-coated cells”
What are the common signs of immune-mediated anemia caused by neoplastic diseases?
“Weight loss
What is the primary cause of alloimmune reactions in foals?
“Ingestion of colostrum containing alloantibodies”
What is the role of immunosuppressive therapy in treating immune-mediated cytopenias?
“To reduce the immune response and prevent further cell destruction”
What is a key diagnostic indicator of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia?
“Prolonged bleeding time and abnormal clot retraction”
What is a common complication of severe immune-mediated anemia?
“Renal failure”
What is the preferred method for confirming immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?
“Direct Coombs’ antiglobulin test”
What are common treatments for drug-induced immune-mediated cytopenias?
“Discontinuation of the drug and supportive care”
What is a key feature of neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in foals?
“Rapid onset of hemolysis after birth”
What is the primary cause of immune-mediated neutropenia in foals?
“Alloimmune reactions from colostrum”
