Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine Clinical Immunology > Chapter 13 Granulomatous disease > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Granulomatous disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are hypersensitivity reactions also known as?

A

Immunopathologic reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cell-mediated hypersensitivity also referred to as?

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction or hypersensitivity type IV reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What characterizes a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Sensitization of T cells leading to a chronic inflammatory response with prominent macrophage activation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the possible sources of antigens that trigger cell-mediated immunopathologic reactions?

A

Environmental, self, microbial, or parasitic antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What types of chronic diseases can be caused by microbial antigens?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are granulomas?

A

Circumscribed collections of macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells, indicating a focal, chronic inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of cell-mediated immunopathologic reactions?

A

Chronic inflammation, mononuclear cell infiltration, tissue necrosis, fibrosis, and angiogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What types of inflammatory cells can be involved in granulomatous diseases?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and plasma cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main steps in the pathogenesis of cell-mediated immunopathologic reactions?

A

Antigen uptake by APCs, antigen processing and presentation via MHC molecules, T cell sensitization, and chronic inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What roles do Th1 and Th17 cells play in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Th1 cells activate macrophages leading to granulomatous inflammation, while Th17 cells recruit neutrophils resulting in pyogranulomatous inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the diagnostic approach for granulomatous diseases?

A

History, clinical presentation, and histopathologic evaluation of biopsy specimens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some histologic staining techniques used to detect microbial agents in granulomatous diseases?

A

GMS, PAS, and acid-fast staining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment focus for delayed hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Eliminating the underlying cause, controlling clinical signs, and minimizing complications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids in treating granulomatous diseases?

A

They are used for immunosuppression to control the inflammatory response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the side effects of long-term corticosteroid therapy in horses?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, laminitis, and secondary infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is azathioprine used for in horses?

A

Immunosuppressive therapy, especially for immune-mediated diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the characteristics of equine sarcoidosis?

A

Multifocal skin lesions, granulomatous lesions in internal organs, weight loss, anorexia, icterus, low-grade fever, and peripheral lymphadenopathy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are common etiologic agents associated with multisystemic granulomatous diseases?

A

Coccidioides, Mycobacterium avium, Blastomyces spp., and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of coccidioidomycosis in horses?

A

Weight loss, intermittent fever, respiratory disease, lameness, abortion, colic, and peritoneal effusion.

20
Q

What is the primary diagnostic method for coccidioidomycosis?

A

Cytology and culture of tracheobronchial washes, histologic evaluation of tissues, and serology.

21
Q

What are the signs of disseminated mycobacterial infection in horses?

A

Depression, intermittent fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and chronic diarrhea.

22
Q

What are the common clinical signs of allergic contact dermatitis in horses?

A

Maculopapular or lichenified skin lesions with varying degrees of pruritis.

23
Q

What is equine collagenolytic granuloma also known as?

A

Eosinophilic granuloma or nodular necrobiosis.

24
Q

What are the histopathologic features of eosinophilic granuloma?

A

Eosinophilic granulomatous reaction surrounding areas of degenerated collagen.

25
Q

What are common clinical signs of ulcerative granulomas of the skin?

A

Single or multiple nodular lesions that erode to ulcerative areas with moderate to severe pruritis and serosanguinous discharge.

26
Q

What are the diagnostic steps for ulcerative granulomas?

A

Histologic evaluation of biopsies, bacterial and fungal cultures, and special staining techniques.

27
Q

What is the treatment for fungal granulomas and pythiosis?

A

Combination of surgical resection, anti-fungal drugs, and possibly immunotherapy with autologous vaccine.

28
Q

What are the common etiologic agents of respiratory granulomatous diseases?

A

Silicosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis, pneumocystosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and idiopathic causes.

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in horses?

A

Exercise intolerance, dyspnea, labored breathing, weight loss, and fever.

30
Q

What is pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia in foals typically caused by?

A

Virulent strains of Rhodococcus equi.

31
Q

What are the common clinical signs of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals?

A

Chronic pneumonia, fever, lethargy, coughing, anorexia, tachypnea, labored breathing, tachycardia, nasal discharge, failure to grow, and weight loss.

32
Q

What is the primary treatment for pyogranulomatous pneumonia associated with Rhodococcus equi?

A

Antimicrobials, supportive care, and possibly oxygen therapy.

33
Q

What are chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases in horses?

A

A group of conditions characterized by immune cell infiltration of the bowel wall, including granulomatous enteritis, MEED, lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis, and idiopathic eosinophilic enterocolitis.

34
Q

What are the common clinical signs of chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases in horses?

A

Recurrent colic, depression, weight loss, hypoproteinemia, and impaired glucose or xylose absorption.

35
Q

What is the proposed etiology of granulomatous enteritis?

A

Diffuse granulomatous inflammation with epithelioid macrophages and giant cells in the intestinal wall.

36
Q

What is polyneuritis equi?

A

A progressive dysfunction of the nerves of the cauda equina and cranial nerves in adult horses.

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of polyneuritis equi?

A

Dysuria, urinary incontinence, tail hyperesthesia followed by hypoesthesia, diminished tail, anal, and perineal tone, hypotonicity and atrophy of muscles, paresis and ataxia of the pelvic limbs, and cranial nerve paralysis.

38
Q

What characterizes the granulomatous inflammation in polyneuritis equi?

A

Perineural inflammatory infiltrate of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, giant cells, plasma cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils.

39
Q

What is the management approach for polyneuritis equi?

A

Supportive care, with possible immunosuppression using systemic corticosteroids and/or azathioprine.

40
Q

What is the role of Th1 and Th17 cells in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Th1 cells activate macrophages, leading to granulomatous inflammation, while Th17 cells recruit neutrophils, resulting in pyogranulomatous inflammation.

41
Q

What are the typical features of chronic inflammatory response in granulomatous diseases?

A

Prominent infiltration of mononuclear cells, tissue destruction, fibrosis, and angiogenesis.

42
Q

What are the immunologic mechanisms behind cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions?

A

T cells recognize antigen fragments presented by MHC molecules on APCs, leading to T cell sensitization and chronic inflammation.

43
Q

What are the common clinical signs of equine sarcoidosis?

A

Multifocal skin lesions, granulomatous lesions in internal organs, weight loss, anorexia, icterus, low-grade fever, and peripheral lymphadenopathy.

44
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids in treating granulomatous diseases?

A

They suppress the immune response to control inflammation and tissue damage.

45
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for granulomatous enteritis in horses?

A

Histopathologic evaluation showing diffuse granulomatous inflammation with epithelioid macrophages and giant cells.

46
Q

What are the potential complications of untreated granulomatous diseases?

A

Chronic inflammation, tissue necrosis, fibrosis, and potential progression to systemic involvement.

Equine Clinical Immunology (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions