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Equine Clinical Immunology > Chapter 5 Allergy > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Allergy Flashcards

1
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

“An overreaction of the immune system to a normally harmless substance”

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2
Q

What are IgE-mediated allergies also known as?

A

“Type I hypersensitivities”

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3
Q

What characterizes IgE-mediated allergies?

A

“Immediate onset after exposure to allergen”

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4
Q

What are common IgE-mediated allergies in horses?

A

“Culicoides hypersensitivity and urticaria”

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5
Q

What is Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“A seasonal

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“Pruritus

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7
Q

What factors influence the prevalence of Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“Environmental exposure

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8
Q

What are the immunologic mechanisms involved in Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“Production of allergen-specific IgE

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9
Q

What is mast cell sensitization?

A

“Binding of IgE to tissue mast cells”

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10
Q

What is the Prausnitz-Küstner reaction?

A

“A method to transfer allergic reactions via IgE”

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11
Q

What role do Th2 cells and regulatory T cells play in Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“Increased Th2 cell responses and reduced regulatory T cell functions”

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12
Q

What diagnostic techniques are used for detecting allergen-specific IgE in horses?

A

“Intradermal allergy testing and serological assays”

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13
Q

What is intradermal allergy testing?

A

“A method where allergens are injected into the skin”

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14
Q

What is the main goal of allergy testing?

A

“To identify the causing allergen(s)”

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15
Q

What are the limitations of serological allergy testing in horses?

A

“Poor performance due to numerous false positives”

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16
Q

What treatments are available for IgE-mediated allergies in horses?

A

“Symptomatic treatments like steroids

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17
Q

What preventive measures can be taken for horses with Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“Managing turn-out times

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18
Q

What is urticaria in horses?

A

“A condition characterized by skin lesions”

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19
Q

What are common causes of urticaria in horses?

A

“Food allergens

20
Q

What histopathological findings are associated with urticaria?

A

“Dermal edema with eosinophilic and/or lymphocytic infiltrates”

21
Q

What is recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses?

A

“A respiratory condition suspected to be mediated by hypersensitivity type I”

22
Q

What triggers RAO in susceptible horses?

A

“Inhaled molds and organic dusts”

23
Q

What is the controversy regarding IgE’s role in RAO?

A

“Studies show conflicting results”

24
Q

What is the prognosis for horses with IgE-mediated allergies?

A

“Allergies typically recur with allergen exposure”

25
Q

What is the difference between an allergic reaction and an anaphylactic reaction?

A

“Anaphylactic reactions are severe and life-threatening”

26
Q

What does the term ‘sensitization’ refer to in the context of allergies?

A

“The process where IgE binds to high-affinity receptors on mast cells”

27
Q

What is the main allergen responsible for Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“Salivary allergens from Culicoides midges”

28
Q

What percentage of Icelandic horses exported to Europe develop Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“26-72%”

29
Q

What are common clinical signs of Culicoides hypersensitivity in horses?

A

“Pruritus and alopecia”

30
Q

What is the role of regulatory T cells in allergies?

A

“They reduce the allergic response”

31
Q

What is the function of histamine in allergic reactions?

A

“Causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability”

32
Q

What is the primary method for diagnosing urticaria in horses?

A

“Intradermal allergy testing”

33
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is urticaria in horses believed to be?

A

“Type I hypersensitivity”

34
Q

What is a common treatment for severe clinical signs of allergies in horses?

A

“Steroids and anti-histamines”

35
Q

What are the main goals of allergy testing in horses?

A

“Identify the causing allergen(s)”

36
Q

What environmental conditions can influence the prevalence of Culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

“Temperature and humidity”

37
Q

What is a major complication associated with Culicoides hypersensitivity if not treated?

A

“Secondary bacterial infections”

38
Q

How do Th2 cells contribute to allergies?

A

“They produce pro-inflammatory cytokines”

39
Q

What is the role of IgE in allergic reactions?

A

“Binds to mast cells and basophils”

40
Q

What is the effect of repeated allergen exposure in allergic horses?

A

“Increased allergen-specific IgE production”

41
Q

What is the importance of mast cell degranulation in allergies?

A

“Triggers the release of inflammatory mediators”

42
Q

What is a key diagnostic feature of intradermal allergy testing?

A

“Formation of a wheal”

43
Q

What is the first step in managing an allergic horse?

A

“Identifying and avoiding the allergen”

44
Q

What is a potential side effect of steroid treatment in horses?

A

“Decreased immune response”

45
Q

What does the term ‘inflamm-aging’ refer to?

A

“Chronic low-grade inflammation associated with aging”

46
Q

What is the role of cytokines in allergies?

A

“They increase vascular permeability and inflammation”

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses?

A

“Mucus production

Equine Clinical Immunology (32 decks)

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