Chapter 26 Immunoglobulin Therapy Flashcards
What is the main purpose of immunoglobulin administration in equine practice?
To provide passive immunity, manage infectious diseases, and offer immunomodulation for conditions like immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
What are the forms of immunoglobulin products used in equine therapy?
Plasma, serum, or concentrated immunoglobulin proteins.
What conditions indicate the use of immunoglobulin therapy in horses?
Failure of passive transfer, prophylaxis from infectious diseases, management of infectious gastrointestinal diseases, hypoproteinemia, endotoxin neutralization, and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
What document aids equine practitioners in selecting immunoglobulin products?
The AAEP Biologics and Therapeutic Agents Committee’s White Paper on Equine Plasma and Serum Products.
Why is the use of licensed products preferred over non-licensed ones in immunoglobulin therapy?
Licensed products ensure safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance, whereas non-licensed products lack regulatory oversight.
What should practitioners do if they are uncertain about the licensing process for immunoglobulin products?
Contact the USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics or visit their website for information.
What are the main advantages of using fresh-frozen plasma in neonatal foals with failure of passive transfer?
Increases circulating IgG concentration, provides bactericidal and neutralizing activities, and improves cardiovascular stability.
What is the target IgG concentration in neonatal foals receiving plasma for failure of passive transfer?
Above 800 mg/dL, ideally above 1000 mg/dL.
What are the primary pathogens against which immunoglobulins provide protection in foals with failure of passive transfer?
Gram-negative bacteria.
What is the standard dose of fresh-frozen plasma for a foal with partial failure of passive transfer?
20 mL/kg, approximately 1 L of plasma per 50 kg foal.
What are the potential adverse reactions during plasma transfusion in foals?
Elevated respiratory rate or effort, tachycardia, pyrexia, and hypersensitivity reactions.
When should circulating IgG concentration be re-evaluated after plasma transfusion in foals?
Approximately 2–4 hours following the transfusion.
What conditions might necessitate repeat plasma transfusions in foals?
Ongoing sepsis and pathogen challenge.
What is the purpose of administering immunoglobulins to septic equine patients?
To neutralize circulating endotoxin and manage systemic inflammatory response.
What are the key components of endotoxin in Gram-negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
What are the clinical signs of endotoxemia in horses?
Altered core body temperature, tachycardia, injected mucous membranes, prolonged capillary refill time, and intestinal hypomotility.
What severe complications can arise from endotoxemia in horses?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation, vascular thrombosis, and laminitis.
What types of plasma products are preferred for endotoxemic patients?
Products originating from horses hyperimmunized against Salmonella and E. coli.