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equine clinical immunology > Chapter 3 The immue system of the older horse > Flashcards

Chapter 3 The immue system of the older horse Flashcards

1
Q

What has led to the increased longevity of horses?

A

“Improvements in health care and advancements in science and medicine.”

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2
Q

What is the challenge associated with increased horse longevity?

A

“Increased potential for age-associated diseases.”

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3
Q

What is aging?

A

“A complex phenomenon where the effectiveness of several physiological systems becomes compromised over time.”

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4
Q

At what chronological age is a horse typically considered old in studies?

A

“20 years of age.”

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5
Q

How do chronological age and biological age differ?

A

“Chronological age is the individual’s age in years

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6
Q

What percentage of the equine population in the UK is 15 years or older?

A

“29%.”

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7
Q

What are the most common clinical conditions in horses 20 years or older?

A

“Gastrointestinal

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8
Q

What is pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)?

A

“A common condition in old horses affecting the pituitary gland

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9
Q

What factors contribute to the decline in immune function with age?

A

“Immunosenescence and inflamm-aging.”

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10
Q

What is immunosenescence?

A

“An age-related decline in immune function.”

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11
Q

What is inflamm-aging?

A

“A chronic

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12
Q

What changes occur in the innate immune system of aged horses?

A

“Generally remains intact

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13
Q

What changes occur in the adaptive immune system of aged horses?

A

“Decline in lymphocyte count

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14
Q

What are the implications of thymic involution in aged horses?

A

“Reduced production and diversity of T cells.”

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15
Q

How does telomere shortening relate to immunosenescence?

A

“Progressive telomere shortening leads to cell senescence and decreased proliferation potential.”

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16
Q

What are the effects of aging on B cells in horses?

A

“Potential decrease in function and response to antigens.”

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17
Q

What are the common clinical conditions associated with aging in horses?

A

“Arthritis

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18
Q

What are the common infectious diseases in aged horses?

A

“Increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections due to immune decline.”

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19
Q

What role does nutrition play in modulating immune function in aged horses?

A

“Nutritional interventions can help counteract immunosenescence and inflamm-aging.”

20
Q

What dietary compounds are beneficial for the immune system of aged horses?

A

“Flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds from blueberries

21
Q

What was the effect of vitamin E supplementation in aged horses?

A

“Improved bacteria-killing ability of immune cells and enhanced humoral immune responses.”

22
Q

What are prebiotics and probiotics?

A

“Functional foods that modulate the immune system

23
Q

What was the result of supplementing aged horses with prebiotic yeast?

A

“Reduced inflammation and enhanced immune response to vaccination.”

24
Q

What are the main findings regarding inflamm-aging in aged horses?

A

“Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1b

25
Q

How does obesity affect inflamm-aging in aged horses?

A

“Increases the frequency of lymphocytes and monocytes producing inflammatory cytokines.”

26
Q

What are the effects of inflamm-aging on the lungs of aged horses?

A

“Increased frequency of IFN-gamma producing lymphocytes

27
Q

What were the results of influenza challenge studies in aged horses?

A

“Exacerbated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines post-infection.”

28
Q

Why is periodic vaccination important for aged horses?

A

“To maintain protective immunity due to reduced antibody production and memory response.”

29
Q

What are the effects of chronic inflammation on health?

A

“Associated with diseases like atherosclerosis

30
Q

What cytokines are involved in inflamm-aging?

A

“Pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6

31
Q

What is the impact of inflamm-aging on leukocyte telomere length?

A

“Accelerated shortening

32
Q

What study showed the potential of curcuminoids over NSAIDs in reducing inflammation?

A

“Siard et al. (2013) study on polyphenolic bioactive compounds.”

33
Q

What was the outcome of the study on vitamin E supplementation in aged horses?

A

“Enhanced immune responses and improved bacteria-killing ability of immune cells.”

34
Q

What is the role of cytokine IL-10 in inflamm-aging?

A

“Anti-inflammatory cytokine decreased in elderly

35
Q

What was observed in aged horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction?

A

“Increased expression of IL-8 and higher inflammatory activity.”

36
Q

What is the significance of the study on prebiotic yeast supplementation?

A

“Demonstrated reduced inflammation and enhanced immune response in aged horses.”

37
Q

What are the potential benefits of functional foods for aged horses?

A

“Enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses.”

38
Q

What is the relationship between chronic inflammation and age-related diseases?

A

“Chronic inflammation may contribute to the development and progression of age-related diseases.”

39
Q

What are the effects of aging on lymphocyte proliferative responses?

A

“Decreased T cell proliferation and reduced immune responses.”

40
Q

What is the effect of recombinant interleukin (IL)-2 supplementation in aged horses?

A

“Did not significantly improve T cell proliferation

41
Q

How does telomere-driven replicative exhaustion affect immune cells?

A

“Leads to immunosenescence by causing cell senescence and reducing proliferation.”

42
Q

What are the common changes in T cell populations in the elderly?

A

“Decreased frequencies of naïve T cells

43
Q

What was the conclusion of the study on equine influenza vaccination in aged horses?

A

“Aged horses had reduced humoral immune response to inactivated influenza virus vaccines.”

44
Q

What did the study on rabies vaccination reveal about aged horses?

A

“Aged horses mounted an initial response similar to younger horses but did not maintain adequate antibody titers.”

45
Q

What was the outcome of the canarypox-vectored influenza vaccine study?

A

“Aged horses had pre-existing immunity but showed only slight antibody response enhancement post-vaccination.”

46
Q

Why is it important to understand the mechanisms of age-associated immune dysfunction?

A

“To provide optimal care for older horses and mitigate the effects of immunosenescence and inflamm-aging.”

47
Q

How does the immune system of aged horses differ from younger horses?

A

“Aged horses have a decline in both innate and adaptive immune responses

equine clinical immunology (32 decks)

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