Chapter 4 Anaphylaxis Flashcards
What is anaphylaxis?
“Anaphylaxis is a severe
What are the common triggers for anaphylaxis in horses?
“Insect bites/stings
What differentiates anaphylaxis from anaphylactoid reactions?
“Anaphylaxis is IgE-mediated
What are the clinical signs of mild anaphylactic reactions in horses?
“Urticaria (hives) and rhinitis (runny nose).”
What are the clinical signs of moderate anaphylactic reactions in horses?
“Angioedema (swelling)
What are the clinical signs of severe anaphylactic reactions in horses?
“Respiratory distress
What factors influence the clinical signs of anaphylaxis?
“Dose and route of antigen challenge
What is the significance of the shock organs in horses during anaphylaxis?
“The respiratory tract and intestines are the shock organs in horses
What are the most concerning signs of systemic anaphylactic reactions?
“Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) and hypotension (low blood pressure).”
What is the role of histamine in anaphylaxis?
“Histamine causes vasodilation
What is the significance of biphasic anaphylactic episodes?
“They are characterized by a recurrence of symptoms within eight hours after resolution of the primary event.”
What are the primary mediators involved in anaphylaxis in horses?
“Histamine and serotonin.”
What is the gold standard test for diagnosing anaphylaxis in humans?
“Serum tryptase levels.”
What is the rule of twos in anaphylaxis?
“Reactions begin from two minutes to two hours following injection
What immediate steps should be taken upon diagnosing an anaphylactic event?
“Stop exposure to the trigger
What is the preferred route of epinephrine administration in anaphylaxis for horses?
“Intramuscular (IM) injection.”
What is the dosage of epinephrine for anaphylaxis in adult horses?
“0.01 mg/kg given slowly intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM).”
What additional treatments can be considered for anaphylaxis in horses?
“Vasopressors
What is the role of oxygen therapy in anaphylaxis management?
“High-flow supplemental oxygen therapy helps improve tissue oxygenation.”
What is the recommended flow rate of oxygen for adult horses during anaphylaxis?
“10-15 L/min.”
What fluid therapy options are available for horses in anaphylactic shock?
“Crystalloid and colloid fluids.”
What are the benefits of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) in anaphylactic shock treatment?
“It helps restore intravascular fluid volume
What are the potential complications of colloid fluid therapy?
“Acute renal failure
What is the role of vasopressors in anaphylaxis treatment?
“They help maintain blood pressure in horses with persistent hypotension refractory to epinephrine and volume replacement.”
What is the role of bronchodilators in anaphylaxis treatment?
“They help alleviate bronchospasm resistant to repeated doses of epinephrine.”
What is the role of furosemide in anaphylaxis treatment?
“It is used to treat pulmonary edema by inducing diuresis.”
What is the role of antihistamines in anaphylaxis treatment?
“They help control hypersensitivity clinical signs
What is the role of glucocorticoids in anaphylaxis treatment?
“They halt progressive inflammation and prevent recurrence of anaphylaxis.”
What are the preventive measures for horses with a history of anaphylaxis?
“Avoidance of specific allergens
What is the prognosis for horses with anaphylactic reactions?
“It depends on the type and severity of the event
What are common risk factors for anaphylactic reactions in humans?
“Atopy
What are the common clinical criteria for diagnosing anaphylaxis in emergency settings?
“Acute onset of illness with involvement of the skin and/or mucosa
What is the significance of platelet-activating factor in anaphylaxis?
“It may correlate better with disease severity than either tryptase or histamine.”
What is the effect of non-immunologic mechanisms on anaphylaxis?
“They can directly induce mast and basophil cell degranulation
What is idiopathic anaphylaxis?
“An anaphylactic event where the trigger cannot be identified.”
What role do eosinophils and neutrophils play in anaphylaxis?
“They expand and sustain the inflammatory cascade initiated by mast cells and basophils.”
What is the impact of genetic alterations on anaphylactic reactions?
“Genetic alterations in basophil and mast cell function
What are common etiologies associated with anaphylaxis in horses?
“Blood transfusion reactions
What is the effect of epinephrine in anaphylaxis treatment?
“Epinephrine provides bronchodilation
What are the recommended doses of crystalloid fluids for foals in anaphylactic shock?
“50-80 ml/kg divided into separate bolus doses.”
What are the clinical implications of anaphylactic reactions to procaine penicillin G in horses?
“They include anaphylaxis
What are common signs of cardiovascular collapse during anaphylaxis?
“Pale mucous membranes
What are the common treatments for mild anaphylactic reactions restricted to urticaria?
“Monitoring or treatment with antihistamines.”
What are the recommended flow rates for oxygen therapy in foals during anaphylaxis?
“5-10 L/min.”
What are the common side effects of epinephrine administration in humans?
“Anxiety
What role does serum tryptase play in confirming a diagnosis of anaphylaxis?
“Serum tryptase remains elevated longer than histamine
What are the main goals of fluid therapy in anaphylaxis?
“To restore intravascular fluid volume
