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Equine Clinical Immunology > Chapter 4 Anaphylaxis > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Anaphylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

“Anaphylaxis is a severe

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2
Q

What are the common triggers for anaphylaxis in horses?

A

“Insect bites/stings

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3
Q

What differentiates anaphylaxis from anaphylactoid reactions?

A

“Anaphylaxis is IgE-mediated

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of mild anaphylactic reactions in horses?

A

“Urticaria (hives) and rhinitis (runny nose).”

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs of moderate anaphylactic reactions in horses?

A

“Angioedema (swelling)

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of severe anaphylactic reactions in horses?

A

“Respiratory distress

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7
Q

What factors influence the clinical signs of anaphylaxis?

A

“Dose and route of antigen challenge

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8
Q

What is the significance of the shock organs in horses during anaphylaxis?

A

“The respiratory tract and intestines are the shock organs in horses

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9
Q

What are the most concerning signs of systemic anaphylactic reactions?

A

“Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) and hypotension (low blood pressure).”

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10
Q

What is the role of histamine in anaphylaxis?

A

“Histamine causes vasodilation

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11
Q

What is the significance of biphasic anaphylactic episodes?

A

“They are characterized by a recurrence of symptoms within eight hours after resolution of the primary event.”

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12
Q

What are the primary mediators involved in anaphylaxis in horses?

A

“Histamine and serotonin.”

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13
Q

What is the gold standard test for diagnosing anaphylaxis in humans?

A

“Serum tryptase levels.”

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14
Q

What is the rule of twos in anaphylaxis?

A

“Reactions begin from two minutes to two hours following injection

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15
Q

What immediate steps should be taken upon diagnosing an anaphylactic event?

A

“Stop exposure to the trigger

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16
Q

What is the preferred route of epinephrine administration in anaphylaxis for horses?

A

“Intramuscular (IM) injection.”

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17
Q

What is the dosage of epinephrine for anaphylaxis in adult horses?

A

“0.01 mg/kg given slowly intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM).”

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18
Q

What additional treatments can be considered for anaphylaxis in horses?

A

“Vasopressors

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19
Q

What is the role of oxygen therapy in anaphylaxis management?

A

“High-flow supplemental oxygen therapy helps improve tissue oxygenation.”

20
Q

What is the recommended flow rate of oxygen for adult horses during anaphylaxis?

A

“10-15 L/min.”

21
Q

What fluid therapy options are available for horses in anaphylactic shock?

A

“Crystalloid and colloid fluids.”

22
Q

What are the benefits of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) in anaphylactic shock treatment?

A

“It helps restore intravascular fluid volume

23
Q

What are the potential complications of colloid fluid therapy?

A

“Acute renal failure

24
Q

What is the role of vasopressors in anaphylaxis treatment?

A

“They help maintain blood pressure in horses with persistent hypotension refractory to epinephrine and volume replacement.”

25
Q

What is the role of bronchodilators in anaphylaxis treatment?

A

“They help alleviate bronchospasm resistant to repeated doses of epinephrine.”

26
Q

What is the role of furosemide in anaphylaxis treatment?

A

“It is used to treat pulmonary edema by inducing diuresis.”

27
Q

What is the role of antihistamines in anaphylaxis treatment?

A

“They help control hypersensitivity clinical signs

28
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids in anaphylaxis treatment?

A

“They halt progressive inflammation and prevent recurrence of anaphylaxis.”

29
Q

What are the preventive measures for horses with a history of anaphylaxis?

A

“Avoidance of specific allergens

30
Q

What is the prognosis for horses with anaphylactic reactions?

A

“It depends on the type and severity of the event

31
Q

What are common risk factors for anaphylactic reactions in humans?

A

“Atopy

32
Q

What are the common clinical criteria for diagnosing anaphylaxis in emergency settings?

A

“Acute onset of illness with involvement of the skin and/or mucosa

33
Q

What is the significance of platelet-activating factor in anaphylaxis?

A

“It may correlate better with disease severity than either tryptase or histamine.”

34
Q

What is the effect of non-immunologic mechanisms on anaphylaxis?

A

“They can directly induce mast and basophil cell degranulation

35
Q

What is idiopathic anaphylaxis?

A

“An anaphylactic event where the trigger cannot be identified.”

36
Q

What role do eosinophils and neutrophils play in anaphylaxis?

A

“They expand and sustain the inflammatory cascade initiated by mast cells and basophils.”

37
Q

What is the impact of genetic alterations on anaphylactic reactions?

A

“Genetic alterations in basophil and mast cell function

38
Q

What are common etiologies associated with anaphylaxis in horses?

A

“Blood transfusion reactions

39
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine in anaphylaxis treatment?

A

“Epinephrine provides bronchodilation

40
Q

What are the recommended doses of crystalloid fluids for foals in anaphylactic shock?

A

“50-80 ml/kg divided into separate bolus doses.”

41
Q

What are the clinical implications of anaphylactic reactions to procaine penicillin G in horses?

A

“They include anaphylaxis

42
Q

What are common signs of cardiovascular collapse during anaphylaxis?

A

“Pale mucous membranes

43
Q

What are the common treatments for mild anaphylactic reactions restricted to urticaria?

A

“Monitoring or treatment with antihistamines.”

44
Q

What are the recommended flow rates for oxygen therapy in foals during anaphylaxis?

A

“5-10 L/min.”

45
Q

What are the common side effects of epinephrine administration in humans?

A

“Anxiety

46
Q

What role does serum tryptase play in confirming a diagnosis of anaphylaxis?

A

“Serum tryptase remains elevated longer than histamine

47
Q

What are the main goals of fluid therapy in anaphylaxis?

A

“To restore intravascular fluid volume

Equine Clinical Immunology (32 decks)

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