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ISSA S&C > Chapter 7: Biomechanics > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical planes of movement?

A

sagittal
frontal
transverse

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2
Q

What plane divides the body into right and left segments?

A

Sagittal plane

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3
Q

What’s an example of the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion and extension

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4
Q

What plane separates the body into ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) segments?

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

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5
Q

What plane separates the body into superior and inferior segments?

A

Transverse (axial) plane

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6
Q

What’s an example of the frontal (coronal) plane?

A

abduction, adduction, and lateral

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7
Q

What’s an example of the transverse plane?

A

Rotational movements

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8
Q

What are the 3 primary joints forming the shoulder girdle?

A

The glenohumeral (GH) joint

The acromioclavicular (AC) joint

The sternoclavicular (SC) joint

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9
Q

The study of mechanical laws related to movement or structure is called . . .

A

Biomechanics

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10
Q

What are the two main types of biomechanic systems?

A

Dynamic and static

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11
Q

What do we call systems in motion with acceleration

that create uneven forces acting on the body?

A

Dynamic systems

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of static systems?

A

At rest
No acceleration
Still with no motion
Constant motion with no acceleration

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13
Q

What is velocity?

A

The direction and rate of displacement

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14
Q

What’s the difference between kinematics and kinetics?

A

Kinematics describes motions of the body

Kinetics describes the forces acting on a body in motion

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15
Q

What’s the most common mechanical machine with the body? What does it consist of?

A

Lever systems, which consist of a bar and an axis

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16
Q

How do levers function?

A

Levers rotate around an axis as a result of force applied to move weight or applied against resistance

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17
Q

What’s another name for an axis and force?

A

Fulcrum

Load or effort

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18
Q

The bones are the . . .
The joints are the . . .
The muscles contract to . . .

A

levers
axes
apply force

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19
Q

What’s the common lever?

A

Third-class

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20
Q

What is torque?

A

Turning effect of force applied to the various levers to create movement

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21
Q

What is eccentric force?

A

Force applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation when an axis is fixed, necessary for rotation

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22
Q

How is torque determined?

A

Force x length x distance (fulcrum and the force)

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23
Q

How does torque affect human movement?

A

The length of the lever determines the amount of velocity

For example, a tennis player can strike a tennis ball harder and with more velocity with a straight arm than with a bent elbow

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24
Q

When is a shorter level preferred?

A

When speed is desired instead of velocity

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25
Q

What mechanisms enhance range of motion and speed or change the direction of movement?

A

Wheels, axles, and pulleys

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26
Q

What are the laws of motion?

A

Motion of the human body is always initiated by a muscular contraction

These contractions initiate and propagate movement and are the source of force

27
Q

What are two types of motion for human movement

A

Linear: Movement along a line (straight or curved)

Angular: Rotation around an axis

28
Q

What law of motion describes the distance an object is displaced from its starting point?

A

Displacement

29
Q

What law of motion refers to the total or sum of the length of travel?

A

Distance

30
Q

What law of motion refers to the change in location of a rotating object?

A

Angular displacement

31
Q

What law of motion describes the distance an object moves in a straight line

A

Linear displacement

32
Q

The biomechanical system maintains the current motion whether the body or a segment is moving or at rest. What’s the only thing that can change the status of movement?

A

force via muscular contraction

33
Q

The change of acceleration is directly proportional to the ___ causing it and ____ proportional to the mass of the body

A

Force

Inversely

34
Q

What provides the reactionary force in opposition to the force of the human body?

A

Surface, aka friction

35
Q

What is the force created by the resistance between two surfaces of two objects moving across one another?

A

Friction

36
Q

What are the 3 types of friction?

A

Static friction: The friction between two objects not moving

Kinetic friction: The friction between two objects moving across one another

Rolling friction: The friction when one object rolls across a surface

37
Q

What is constantly challenged in human movement?

A

balance, equilibrium, and stability

38
Q

What is balance?

A

The ability to control equilibrium

39
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

A state of no acceleration with the body at rest

40
Q

What is stability?

A

Resisting changes to the body’s acceleration or equilibrium

41
Q

What is the state in which all objects desire to be?

A

Equilibrium

42
Q

When is it possible to achieve static equilibrium?

A

When the body is at rest

43
Q

What is the state when the body is moving at a steady and unchanging speed or direction?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

44
Q

When is stability maximized?

A

When the center of gravity can be determined and, if necessary, shifted

45
Q

What is the point at which both body mass and weight are equally distributed?

A

Center of gravity

46
Q

Momentum =

A

Mass x velocity

47
Q

What are the two types of loads?

A

external or internal forces

48
Q

What gives rise to internal loads?

A

Muscle contraction

49
Q

What are the 5 types of stress from mechanical loading?

A 
Tension: stretching or strain
Compression: reducing in volume and increasing in pressure
Bending: shaping into a curve or angle
Torsion: twisting
Shearing: cutting or breaking
50
Q

What’s the best way to avoid deformations on the body from mechanical stress?

A

Absorbing force over a larger part of the body over time

51
Q

A joint has only the ability to . . .

A

Rotate

52
Q

What is always opposite of the direction of rotation?

A

Direction of resistance

53
Q

What is flexion?

A

Movement decreasing the angle between two body parts

54
Q

What is extension?

A

Movement increasing the angle between two body parts

55
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline

56
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement toward the midline

57
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

Rotational movement toward the midline

58
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

Rotational movement away from the midline

59
Q

What is elevation?

A

Movement in a superior direction

60
Q

What is depression?

A

Movement in an inferior direction

61
Q

What is a triplanar motion occurring from dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction?

A

Pronation

62
Q

What is the combined motion of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction?

A

Supination

63
Q

What causes a bone to rotate around its axis?

A

The contraction of muscles, which creates an eccentric force

64
Q

What are the following?

Motion of the human body is always initiated by a muscular contraction

These contractions initiate and propagate movement and are the source of force

A

Laws of motion

ISSA S&C (16 decks)

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