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ISSA S&C > Chapter 4: Skeletal System and Joint Actions > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Skeletal System and Joint Actions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five primary functions of the skeletal system?

A

Calcium storehouse: Calcium and other minerals are stored within bone.

Blood cell production: Marrow within bone produces blood.

Movement: Bones come together to form joints that allow motion.

Structure and support: The skeleton provides the structure and support needed for movement. This structure separates humans from amoebas or jellyfish.

Protection: Without the skeleton, such essential organs as the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs would have no protection.

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2
Q

The bones that make up the human framework can be divided into the . . .

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

List the 5 classifications of bones

A

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones

Sesamoid bones

Irregular bones

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of long bones?

A
  • Hard, dense
  • Provide strength, structure, and mobility
  • Has a shaft and two ends
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of flat bones?

A
  • Provide a large surface area for muscles to attach

- Somewhat flat and thin but may be curved, as in the ribs

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6
Q

What bones protect vital organs such as the spinal column and pelvis?

A

Irregular bones

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7
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A
  • A bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle
  • Typically passes over an angular structure
  • Provide a smooth surface for tendons to slide over
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8
Q

What do short bones provide?

A

Support and stability

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9
Q

What types of bones are the following?

Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Nasal
Lacrimal
Vomer
Sternum
Ribs
Pelvis
Coxal
Shoulder Scupala
A

Long bones

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10
Q

Name the following types of bones

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Harnate
Pisiform
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
A

Short bones

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11
Q

List the five different regions of the vertebral (spinal) column

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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12
Q

What’s the location of the 9 fused vertebrae?

A

5 within the sacrum

4 within the coccyx

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13
Q

What do the facet joints of the spine do?

A
  • Guide flexion and extension

- Limit rotation (especially in the lower portion of the vertebral column)

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14
Q

What are the 3 bony protrusions where muscles and ligaments attach to the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions?

A
  • 1 spinous process on the back of the vertebrae

- 2 transverse processes on either side

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15
Q

How are bones formed?

A

-Bones are initially developed in the form of cartilage.

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16
Q

What happens at epiphyseal plate?

A

Bone growth near the end of immature bones

Cartilage cells divide to push newly formed cells toward the shaft of the bone

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of damage that bones can repair?

A
  • Macro-damage: When a bone breaks into two or more pieces, requiring medical intervention
  • Micro-damage: microscopic tears within the bone’s matrix.
  • All bone is replaced every few years from the accumulation of microdamage and the subsequent repair process.
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18
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

When activity levels drastically increase to the point where the balance between microdamage and repair can’t be maintained

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19
Q

What is the remodeling process?

A

Bone changing shape through an increase or decrease in diameter

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20
Q

What cell types drive the remodeling process?

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

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21
Q

What are the two types of connective tissues that cover long bones?

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

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22
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Central cavity of the bone shaft where marrow is stored

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23
Q

What is compact (cortical) bone?

A
  • Hard outer layer of dense tissue

- Strong, solid, and resistant to bending

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24
Q

What do spongy bones form?

A

-A latticework of bony structures called trabeculae

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25
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
  • Bone disease characterized by a loss in bone mass and density
  • Primarily due to the weakening of spongy bone
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26
Q

What are bony protrusions? What is their function?

A

An eminence on the surface of bones
Increases strength
Increases contact area for muscle and ligament attachments

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27
Q

What do bone angles attach to?

A

Bony or soft tissue attachments

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28
Q

What is the largest segment of bone?

A

The bone body

Femur and humerus

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29
Q

What is the large bony prominence that provides structural support to the hyaline cartilage and bears the brunt of the force exerted from the joints?

A

A condyle

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30
Q

What is the raised edge of a bone that attaches connective tissue to muscle and bone?

A

The crest

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31
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The main part (shaft) of a long bone

Femur, humerus, and tibia

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32
Q

What is a bony prominence that attaches muscle and connective tissue to bone and support the musculoskeletal system?

A

An epicondyle

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33
Q

Where is the epiphysis located?

A

At the proximal and distal poles of the bone

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34
Q

A smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another flat bone, together forming a gliding joint

A

Facet

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35
Q

What is a fissure?

A

An open slit in a bone

Houses nerves and blood vessels

Superior and inferior orbital fissure

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36
Q

What passes through foramen? What’s the example?

A

A hole through which nerves and blood vessels pass

The cranium - supraorbital foramen, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen

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37
Q

What is a fossa? Where is it found?

A

A shallow depression in the bone surface

Brain structures

Trochlear fossa and posterior, middle, and anterior cranial fossa

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38
Q

What is a groove? What does it do?

A

A furrow in the bone surface that runs along the length of a vessel or nerve

Provides space to avoid compression by adjacent muscle or external forces

A radial groove and the groove for the transverse sinus

39
Q

What is a head? What is usually covered in?

A

A rounded, prominent extension of bone that forms part of a joint

Hyaline cartilage inside a synovial capsule

40
Q

What is a margin?

A

The edge of any flat bones that define its borders

41
Q

What is the tubelike channel that extends within the bone and provides passage and protection to nerves, vessels, and even sound?

A

Meatus

External acoustic meatus and internal auditory meatus

42
Q

What is the neck?

A

The segment between the head and the shaft of a bone

43
Q

What is a depression in a bone that stabilizes an adjacent articulating bone?

A

A notch

44
Q

What is the curved part of a bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone?

A

The ramus

Mandible

45
Q

What is the sinus?

A

A cavity within any organ or tissue

Paranasal sinuses and dural venous sinuses

46
Q

What is a sharp elevation of bone where muscles and connective tissue attach?

A

A spinous process

47
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

A large prominence on the side of the bone

Attachment for the largest muscle groups and most dense connective tissues

The greater and lesser trochanters of the femur

48
Q

What is a moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach, and is similar to a trochanter?

A

Tuberosity

49
Q

A small, rounded prominence where connective tissues attach?

A

A tubercle

The greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus

50
Q

What are the 3 sources of blood for bones?

A

periosteal vessels
epiphyseal vessels
nutrient arteries

51
Q

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

A

Osteons (Haversian systems)

52
Q

Why is cartilage composed of collagen fibers?

A

Makes it more pliable than bone while still providing tensile strength

53
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic

54
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found? What are its characteristics?

A

Joint surfaces and the respiratory tract

Transparent and elastic

Contains no nerves or blood vessels

55
Q

What is fibrocartilage? Where is it located?

A

Tough, elastic tissue

Intervertebral discs

The insertions of tendons and ligaments

56
Q

What does articular cartilage cover? What is its function?

A

The surface end of long bones

Blocks the pain signal

Reduces compressive stress

57
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Pain-sensitive nerve endings that cover the periosteum and endosteum of bone

58
Q

What is elastic cartilage? What’s an example?

A

The most pliable

Gives shape to the external ear and the middle ear

The epiglottis: a flap made of elastic cartilage that opens during breathing and closes during swallowing

59
Q

What attaches bone-to-bone?

A

Ligaments

60
Q

What is elastin?

A

A protein found in all connective tissues

Allows those tissues to regain their original shape after being stretched

61
Q

What are the locations of ligaments?

A

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

Capsular

62
Q

What are the bones of the axial skeleton?

A

The skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, and sacrum

80 total

63
Q

What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

A

The 126 bones of the upper and lower extremities

64
Q

What is an extrinsic ligament?

A
  • Outside the joint

- Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

65
Q

What is an intrinsic ligament? What are two examples and what is there function?

A
  • Inside the joint
  • The anterior cruciate (ACL) resists anterior movement of the tibia
  • The posterior cruciate (PCL) resists posterior movement of the tibia
66
Q

What is a capsular ligament?

A

-Continuous with the joint capsule

67
Q

Where are long bones located?

A
  • Lower extremity

- Upper extremity

68
Q

What’s the location of flat bones?

A

-Skull and thoracic cage

69
Q

Where are sesamoid bones found?

A
  • Knee
  • Hand
  • Wrist
  • Foot
  • Neck
70
Q

What is ossification and when does it take place?

A

Replacing softer cartilage with harder bone

After birth and throughout physical development between the ages of 18 and 25.

71
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

A line of cartilage near the end of mature long bones

72
Q

What do osteoclasts do in the bone remodeling process?

A
  • Chew up the impaired bone tissue after damage

- Decrease the bone’s diameter through a process called resorption

73
Q

What do osteoblasts do in the bone remodeling process?

A
  • Lay down new bone if there’s a stimulus for growth such as weightlifting
  • This process of thickening diameter is called deposition
74
Q

What do osteocytes do in the bone remodeling process?

A

Turn into mature bone cells from osteoblasts

75
Q

What is the articulating segment of bone?

A

Ephysis, usually at the bone’s proximal and distal poles

76
Q

Why is the epiphysis critical for bone growth?

A

Because it sits adjacent to the epiphyseal line

77
Q

What separates the head from the shaft of the bone?

A

The neck

78
Q

What is the main articulating surface that forms a ball-and-socket joint with an adjacent bone?

A

The head

79
Q

Name 4 functions of ligaments

A

Hold together the skeletal structure

Passively stabilizes and guided joints

Resists excess movement at a joint

Senses the position of the joint in space

80
Q

What happens when articular cartilage degrades?

A

Bone-on-bone contact leads to pain and stiffness at the joint and eventually osteoarthritis

81
Q

What is a form of fibrocartilage present in the knee, wrist, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints?

A

Meniscus

82
Q

What is the most widespread form of cartilage? Where is it located?

A
  • Hyaline

- In the nose, trachea, larynx, bronchi, and the ends of ribs

83
Q

What is the edge of the temporal bone articulating with the occipital bone?

A

The occipital margin of the temporal bone

84
Q

What is the edge of the occipital bone articulating with the temporal bone?

A

The temporal margin of the occipital bone

85
Q

What is demarcated from the head by the presence of the physeal line in pediatric patients and the physeal scar (physeal line remnant) in adults??

A

The neck

86
Q

What is the difference between the surgical neck and anatomical neck?

A

The anatomical neck is demarcated by its attachment to capsular ligaments.

The surgical neck is often more distal and is demarcated by the site on the neck that is most commonly fractured

87
Q

What does the articulating bone slide into and out of, guiding the range of motion of the joint?

A

The notch

88
Q

Why do the trabeculae of osteons contain a richer source of blood vessels?

A

Compact bone is denser than spongy bone

89
Q

What ligaments resist varus stress, or an abnormal joint movement away from the midline of the body?

A

Extrinsic ligaments, such as the LCL that prevents bowlegs at the knee joints

90
Q

What covers the outside of bones where osteoblasts are located?

A

Periosteum

91
Q

What covers the inner lining of bones and the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

92
Q

What’s another name for spongy bones?

A

Trabecular or cancellous

93
Q

Which bones protect the internal organs?

A

Flat bones

94
Q

What makes up approximately 80 percent of a person’s skeletal mass?

A

Cortical bone

ISSA S&C (16 decks)

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