Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ISSA S&C > Chapter 3: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

How many muscles are there total in the body?

A

650 total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the attachment points for muscle on bone?

A

Origin: less movable attachment closest to the head

Insertion: more movable attachment closest to the feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s the main similarity between ligaments, joint capsules and tendons?

A

-Limited blood supply and low metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does epimysium do?

A
  • A thin layer of connective tissue that covers each muscle

- Protects the muscle from friction against other muscles or bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is skeletal muscle made of?

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

A rodlike unit of a muscle cell made up of sarcomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does a sarcomere do?

A

Shortens the muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What chemical is needed in the cross-bridge cycle?

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

A

Skeletal muscle shortens because the thick and thin filaments slide past one another.

The lengths of the individual thick and thin filaments do not change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does calcium cause muscle contraction?

A

By binding to the proteins that normally block actin from interacting with myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is ATP?

A

The molecular unit of energy that drives the actin-myosin crossbridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What process breaks down ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to release energy stored within its phosphate bond?

A

ATP hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the first of the 6 required steps for muscle contraction?

A

ATP binds to myosin’s head, causing it to release from actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

The process of a neural signal elevating calcium in order to cause muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of tubules within muscle that stores and releases calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 muscle functions?

A

Concentric action: when an activated muscle shortens

Eccentric action: when an activated muscle lengthens.

Isometric action: when an activated muscle remains in a static position.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are muscle fibers always attempting to do? Describe the scenarios based on contraction type

A

Shorten, even if they lack the pulling force to do so.

A concentric action occurs when the pulling force a muscle generates is greater than the force applied by resistance in the opposite direction.

An eccentric action occurs when the pulling force is less than the resistance force

An isometric action occurs when the pulling force equals the opposing force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an agonist muscle or muscle group?

A

An agonist is the prime mover for a muscle or muscle group producing a movement. The biceps brachii is the agonist for elbow flexion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 main skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Type I slow-twitch fibers

Type IIa fast-twitch fibers

Type IIx fast-twitch fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes DOMS?

A

An exercise is performed for the first time or hasn’t been performed in weeks or months

There’s a significant increase in training intensity, such as adding 10 percent load compared to the previous workout

The volume of exercise significantly increases, such as doing six sets instead of three.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Can additional mitochondria can be created through training?

A

Yes, in a process called mitochondrial biogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who has a higher proportion of type 1 fibers?

A

Endurance athletes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who has a higher proportion of type IIa fibers

A

Strength-power athletes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What muscle fiber type is most determined by genetics and and inactivity?

A

Type IIx fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two types of hypertrophy?

A

Myofibrillar hypertrophy: growth of the myofibrils, which increases a muscle’s force potential.

Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy: an increase in volume of glycogen and semifluid plasma, which doesn’t increase a muscle’s force potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does hypertrophy occur?

A

When muscle protein synthesis is higher than protein breakdown over the course of a day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

List the 3 theories for hypertrophy during resistance training

A

Mechanical tension: the mechanical stress within a muscle and its supporting tissues when it works against resistance

Metabolic stress: the buildup of lactate, protons (H+), and inorganic phosphates during exercise.

Muscle damage: damage to the muscle fibers in response to high-volume or intense exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is activated during hypertrophy?

A

A muscle’s satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anterior or ventral

A

The front of the body relative to another reference point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Posterior or dorsal

A

The back of the body relative to another reference point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Superior

A

Above a reference point

32
Q

Inferior

A

Below a reference point

33
Q

Medial

A

a position relatively closer to the midline of the body

34
Q

Lateral

A

A position relatively farther away from the midline

35
Q

Proximal

A

a position closer to a reference point

36
Q

Distal

A

a position farther from a reference point

37
Q

Bilateral

A

Refers to both sides

38
Q

Unilateral

A

Refers to only one side

39
Q

Superficial

A

Near the surface

40
Q

Deep

A

further beneath the surface

41
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the head

42
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the bottom

43
Q

Prone

A

lying facedown

44
Q

Supine

A

lying on one’s backside

45
Q

What are the 7 primary lines of fascia within the body?

A 
Spiral Line
Arm Lines
Lateral Line
Superficial Front Line
Deep Front Line
Superficial Back Line
Functional Lines
46
Q

What is responsible for sensing motion, body position, and effort?

A

Proprioception

47
Q

-What is each muscle bundle called?

A

A fascicle

48
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

The connective tissue support surrounding each fiber bundle within the muscle belly

49
Q

What is each muscle fiber made up of?

A

Smaller myofibrils

50
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle

51
Q

What role does skeletal muscle play in the body?

A

It’s the contractile tissue that produces voluntary and reflex action via force

52
Q

What does calcium do in the cross-bridge cycle?

A

Allows the myosin head to attach to actin, which in turn shortens the sarcomere

53
Q

What happens as sarcomeres shorten?

A

Myosin and actin slide past one another

54
Q

What can trigger satellite cells to become active? What happens then?

A

Mechanical tension
Metabolic stress
Muscle damage

Once active, satellite cells donate their nuclei to the muscle fibers, causing them to grow.

55
Q

What role do satellite cells play outside of hypertrophy?

A

Aid regulatory processes that facilitate repair, regeneration, and growth.

56
Q

What’s the most likely cause of hypertrophy?

A

Mechanical tension likely the primary factor since hypertrophy often occurs without significant metabolic stress or damage to the muscle

57
Q

What happens when the muscle stops receiving a signal from the brain?

A

Calcium is reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which allows it to relax.

58
Q

What are the two elements of muscle?

A 
Contractile elements (myofibrils) 
Non-contractile elements (glycogen and semifluid plasma)
59
Q

What is the antagonist muscle or muscle group?

A

An antagonist performs an action opposite that of an agonist. The triceps extends the elbow joint, making it the antagonist to the biceps brachii, which flexes the elbow.

60
Q

What is a synergist muscle or muscle group?

A

Synergists work together during movement and provide assistance to the agonist. When curling a dumbbell with the right arm, the muscles that cross the wrist joint must work to hold the weight in a neutral position, while muscles that act on the shoulder apply force to stabilize the joint

61
Q

What is not the cause of DOMS?

A

Lactate levels - they return to normal within one to two hours after training ends

62
Q

What happens with calcium during the fight-or-flight response

A

It rapidly elevates in the muscle, allowing the muscle to contract with more force.

63
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I slow-twitch muscle fibers?

A

Smallest
Produce the least force
Use for an activity that’s below an athlete’s lactate threshold, such as walking or jogging for 30 minutes.

64
Q

What are the characteristics of type IIa fast-twitch fibers?

A

Medium-sized
Produce moderate to high amounts of force.
They work with type I fibers during an activity, such as climbing 10 flights of stairs or walking up a long hill.

65
Q

What are the characteristics of type IIx fast-twitch fibers?

A

Largest
Produce the most force.
Short, quick bursts of high-intensity activity, such as a maximum vertical jump or heavy squat.

66
Q

What is the most common shift in muscle fiber type?

A

Toward higher-endurance (type 1) characteristics

67
Q

What are the common shifts in muscle fiber types?

A

Type IIx muscle fibers have been shown to shift to type IIa fibers
Type IIa can shift to type I

68
Q

What is the difference between muscle fiber type by lower and upper body?

A

Lower body muscles have the highest percentage of type I fibers. The soleus muscle in the calf complex has been shown to be as high as 90 percent type I muscle fibers.

Upper body muscles have a higher percentage of type II fibers

69
Q

What chemicals are pulled from the blood, taken into the muscle, and then to build muscle proteins?

A

Amino acids

70
Q

What happens when muscles atrophy?

A

Atrophy occurs when protein breakdown is higher than protein synthesis.

Muscle proteins are broken down into amino acids and then released into the blood, where they’re used for other metabolic processes.

71
Q

What is the second step in muscle contraction?

A

The myosin head moves from a cocked to an uncocked position via ATP hydrolysis

72
Q

What is the 3rd step in muscle contraction?

A

Myosin and actin form weak cross-bridge attachment through ADP and phosphate attachment

73
Q

What is the 4th step with muscle contraction?

A

Myosin releases phosphate from its head allowing it to form a stronger cross-bridge attachment with actin.

74
Q

What’s the 5th step in muscle contraction?

A

Power stroke. The myosin recocks, which then pulls the Z lines closer together and shortens the sarcomere.

75
Q

What’s the 6th and final step of muscle contraction?

A

ADP releases from the myosin head

Myosin will remain in a cocked position and bound to actin until another ATP attaches, which then starts the process over at Step 1

76
Q

What chemical does myosin release when forming a strong cross-bridge attachment with actin?

A

Phosphate

77
Q

What is responsible for elevating calcium in order to cause muscle contraction?

A

A neural signal

ISSA S&C (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions