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ISSA S&C > Chapter 5: Cardiorespiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the interrelated groups of body segments, connecting joints, and muscles working together to perform movements and the portion of the spine to which they connect?

A

The kinetic chain

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2
Q

What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart
Bloodstream
Blood vessels

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3
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

A

The lungs and respiratory pathways

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4
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the lympathic system?

A

Helps balance fluid
Absorbs fats
Absorbs fat-soluble vitamins
Defends against disease

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5
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

4

2 in the atria (upper chambers)
2 in the ventricles (lower chambers)

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6
Q

Where is the atrium located and what does it do?

A

The upper cavities of the heart

It passes blood to the ventricles

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7
Q

What’s the difference between the right and left atrium?

A

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

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8
Q

What do systemic veins do?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

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9
Q

What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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10
Q

One of the two lower chambers of the heart located below the left and right atria

A

The ventricle

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11
Q

What is the aorta?

A
  • The main artery of the body

- Supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system

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12
Q

How does deoxygenated blood return to the heart?

A

The superior vena cava in the upper body, head, arms

The inferior vena cava in the lower body

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13
Q

What’s the location of the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract?

A

The sinoatrial node of the right atrium

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14
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

One alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart during one heartbeat

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15
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle called?

A

Systole sends blood out into the body or lungs (contraction phase)

Diastole causes the heart ventricles to fill with blood (relaxation phase)

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16
Q

What is the name for the amount of blood the left ventricle pushes out in one heartbeat/contraction?

A

Stroke volume

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17
Q

How does exercise affect the heart?

A

Strengthening the heart with exercise increases stroke volume, meaning the heart does not need to beat as frequently to circulate blood

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18
Q

What’s the measurement of blood flow within the circulatory system?

A

Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

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19
Q

What’s a normal and high blood pressure reading?

A

120/80

140/90 or higher

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20
Q

What are blood vessels made of?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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21
Q

What are the three factors that affect blood pressure measurements?

A

Cardiac output

Blood volume

Peripheral resistance

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22
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

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23
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

The amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries

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24
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Specialized type of connective tissue

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25
Q

What are the 5 functions of blood?

A

1) Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body
2) Removes carbon dioxide and waste products
3) Regulates temperature
4) Protects the body from infection
5) Prevents excessive bleeding

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26
Q

What liquid made of water, protein, sugar, and fat particles makes up about 55 percent of blood volume?

A

Blood plasma

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27
Q

What are the three different types of blood cells?

A

red (erythrocytes)

white (leukocytes)

platelets (thrombocytes)

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28
Q

What does a red (erythrocytes) blood cell do?

A

Carries O2 from the lungs to the body

Carries CO2 from the body back to the lungs

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29
Q

What does white (leukocytes) blood cells do?

A

Fights bacteria, viruses, and foreign cells and organisms

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30
Q

What do platelets (thrombocytes)?

A

Factor in blood clotting

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31
Q

What part of the circulatory system balances body fluids, absorbs fat-soluble nutrients, and fights disease and infection?

A

The lymphatic systems

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32
Q

What is lymph similar to?

A

A substance similar to blood plasma

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33
Q

What does interstitial fluid reside?

A

the spaces between cells

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34
Q

What is composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and cellular products?

A

Interstitial fluid

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35
Q

What regulates the volume and pressure within the tissues during exercise?

A

the lymphatic system

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36
Q

Where do lymph nodes reside?

A

Throughout the body along the lymphatic pathways

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37
Q

Where are lymph dense and physically palpable?

A

the inguinal nodes in the groin
axillary nodes in the armpit
cervical nodes in the neck

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38
Q

What are the 4 functions of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph fluid before returning it to the blood for circulation
Create antibodies and lymphocytes
Store macrophages
Remove pathogens

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39
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A small leukocyte with a single round nucleus

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40
Q

What are the large phagocytic cells found in the stationary tissues
and white blood cells at sites of infection?

A

Macrophages

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41
Q

What are the tonsils?

A

Clusters of lymphatic tissue

Protect against pathogens through the nose and mouth

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42
Q

What’s the largest lymphatic organ in the body?

A

The spleen

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43
Q

What manages and matures special lymphocytes called T-lymphocytes/ T-cells?

A

The thymus

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44
Q

What are T-lymphocytes or T-cells?

A

A type of white blood cell that helps the immune system defend against disease and infection

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45
Q

When do T-cells fight infected cells?

A

When B-lymphocytes mark infected cells

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46
Q

Are white blood cells processed by the thymus?

A

No

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47
Q

Where are t-cells first formed? Where are they sent to mature?

A

In an infant’s bone marrow

Sent to the thymus to mature

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48
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Remove waste products of metabolism
Provide oxygen for metabolism
Regulate the pH of blood

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49
Q

What is the metabolic process?

A

The organic processes by which organisms obtain energy for life

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50
Q

What are the 2 phases of respiration?

A

Inspiration: Process of pulling oxygen in through the airways

Exhalation: Process of pushing carbon dioxide out through the airways

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51
Q

What structures are part of the respiratory system?

A

Nose and nasal cavities

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

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52
Q

What is the throat called?

A

The pharnyx

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53
Q

What’s another name for the larynx? What does it connect?

A

The voice box

The pharynx and trachea

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54
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The main passageway for air that branches into the bronchial tubes

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55
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

Entry point of air into the lungs. From here, bronchi branch into smaller vessels

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56
Q

How many lobes do the lungs have?

A

The right lung has three lobes

The left lung has two lobes

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57
Q

What holds the heart and separates it from the lungs?

A

The mediastinum

58
Q

What’s another name for breathing?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

The exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air

59
Q

What muscles contract during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm muscles

60
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of gases from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

61
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

The chest cavity

Enclosed by the ribs, vertebral column, and the sternum

Separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm

62
Q

What is intra-alveolar pressure?

A

The pressure of the air within the alveoli, which changes during the different phases of breathing

63
Q

What allows lungs to shrink to their resting size and volume during expiration?

A

Their elastic property

64
Q

What does breathing in an even and controlled manner during cardiovascular activity achieve?

A

Improve use of oxygen and delays time to fatigue

65
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood

66
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

Alveoli

67
Q

What is the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood into the interstitial fluid and cells?

A

Internal respiration

68
Q

What is the red protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells?

A

Hemoglobin

69
Q

What is aerobic metabolism?

A

Using oxygen at a cellular level to break down sugar (glucose) into the chemical form of energy (ATP)

70
Q

What instrument measures the health of lungs?

A

A spirometer measures the airflow into and out of the lungs

71
Q

What is the name for how much air is forcefully breathed out after an individual voluntarily inhales as much air as possible?

A

Vital capacity

72
Q

How can someone improve vital capacity?

A

Cardiovascular exercise strengthens the muscles involved in respiration, thus increasing the efficiency of the lungs

73
Q

People with larger bodies have larger lungs and higher . . .

A

Tidal (lung) volume

74
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The normal amount of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation when no additional force is applied

75
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

How much volume the lungs can process in one minute

76
Q

How does the body supply working cells with oxygen for metabolism and remove waste products during exercise?

A

By increasing tidal volume and rate of breathing

77
Q

What factors influence lung volume and capacity?

A

Age: Lungs are at their maximum capacity during early adulthood and decline with age

Sex: Female reproductive hormones lower aerobic power and pulmonary function

Body build: Smaller bodies have smaller lung capacity

Physical conditioning: Lung capacity improves (up to about 15 percent) with frequent aerobic exercise.

78
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

The maximum volume of oxygen the body can use during intense exercise

79
Q

What happens when the body can use more oxygen during exercise?

A

More ATP can be produced to fuel that exercise

80
Q

What chemical messengers does the endocrine system regulate and for what activities?

A

Hormones for

Growth
Development
Homeostasis
Reproduction
Metabolic activities
81
Q

What are the 3 major structures of the endocrine system?

A

Exocrine glands

Endocrine glands

Hormones

82
Q

What are the major glands of the endocrine system?

A 
Hypothalamus
Ovaries
Thyroid
Testes
Adrenal
Thymus
Pineal gland
Pancreas
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid
83
Q

What does the hypothalamus maintain?

A

Homeostasis

84
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

85
Q

What is the hormone that inhibits the formation of melanin (dark pigment in eyes, hair, and skin)?

A

Melatonin

86
Q

What do the pituitary glands produce?

A

Hormones that control other parts of the endocrine system (thyroid, adrenal, ovaries, and testes)

87
Q

What is the main job of the thyroid?

A

Regulates metabolism

88
Q

What do the four parathyroid glands regulate?

A

Calcium levels in the body

89
Q

When is the only time the thymus is active?

A

Until puberty. It stimulates the development of T-lymphocytes

90
Q

What are the two types of adrenal glands?

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

91
Q

What does the pancreas maintain?

A

Blood glucose balance

92
Q

What are hormones comprised of?

A

amino acids, lipids, or peptides

93
Q

What are steroids?

A

Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms

94
Q

What are the only hormones that can diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

Lipid hormones

95
Q

How are amino acid and peptide hormones transported?

A

To elicit the desired response inside the target cell, attach to cells with surface receptors

96
Q

What are 4 methods of hormone regulation?

A

The release of other hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Direct nerve stimulation
Negative feedback loop

97
Q

What benefits come from exercise and sleep stimulating growth hormone?

A

increases lean mass
reduces adiposity
improves bone density

98
Q

What hormone increases the rate of red blood cell (RBC) production, which improves oxygen consumption, fatigue, and endurance capabilities?

A

Erythropoietin

99
Q

What are the six functions in the digestive system responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules for energy at the cellular level?

A

Ingestion: taking food in through the mouth

Mechanical digestion: chewing (mastication) and the churning and mixing actions of the stomach that further break down food

Chemical digestion: breaking food down further via enzymes released into the stomach mixed with water

Movements: moving food through the digestive system by the rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract, a process known as peristalsis

Absorption: absorbing simple molecules by the cell membranes in the lining of the small intestine and moving into blood or lymph capillaries

Elimination: removing waste products and indigestible particles

100
Q

Where does the digestive tract begin and end?

A

The mouth and anus

101
Q

What are the four layers of specialized tissues in the digestive tract?

A

The mucosa

The muscularis mucosa

The submucosa

The serosa

102
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Lines the digestive tract and comes into contact with the food that passes through

103
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa?

A

A smooth muscle cell that helps move food along

Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones

104
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

The part of the digestive tract that moves food through

105
Q

What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract that acts as a barrier between the internal organs and abdominal cavity?

A

Serosa

106
Q

What does the serous fluid of the digestive tract do?

A

Reduces friction from muscle movements

107
Q

How is the digestive system divided?

A

the alimentary tract and accessory organs

108
Q

What is the alimentary tract?

A

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

109
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Fundic
Cardiac
Body
Pyloric

110
Q

What is gastrin?

A

A hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice

111
Q

What is the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food?

A

Chyme

112
Q

Where are most of the nutrients from food absorbed?

A

The small intestine

113
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

114
Q

What structures handle absorption in the small intestine?

A

Plicae circulares

Villi

Microvilli

115
Q

What is the primary role of the gallbladder?

A

To store bile for use in digestion

116
Q

What does bile do?

A

Helps in the digestion and absorption of fats

117
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas release during digestion?

A

Amylase, lipase, peptidase, and trypsin

118
Q

What specialized cells in the pancreas secrete the endocrine hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin?

A

The islets of Langerhans

119
Q

What hormones control secretions of the pancreas?

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

120
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Helps digest proteins and fats

121
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Regulates water balance and pH within the duodenum

122
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine?

A

Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

123
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes left over from digestion

Pushes chyme along to be eliminated from the body

124
Q

What is the role of mucus?

A

To lubricate passageways for food to move easily

125
Q

What is the role of peptidase or protease?

A

To break down proteins

126
Q

What is the role of sucrase?

A

To break down sucrose to fructose and glucose

127
Q

What is the role of maltase?

A

To break down maltose to glucose

128
Q

What is the role of lactase?

A

To break down lactose

129
Q

What is the role of lipase?

A

To break down fatty acids

130
Q

What is role of enterokinase?

A

To convert trypsinogen to trypsin to break down proteins

131
Q

What are the 4 functions of the spleen?

A

Assists with erythrocyte homeostasis

Acts as a reservoir for blood

Releases blood during extreme blood loss

Filters blood-borne pathogens and antigens

132
Q

Name some the functions the hypothalamus stimulates or inhibits

A
  • Heart rate
  • Thirst
  • Appetite
  • Body weight
  • Blood pressure
  • Body temperature
  • Sleep cycles
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines
  • The release of substances that influence the pituitary glands
133
Q

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

134
Q

What is created when blood plasma flows through the capillary walls?

A

Lymph

135
Q

How does lymph work?

A

Bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

136
Q

What happens as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration?

A

Intra-alveolar pressure decreases so that air is sucked into the lungs

137
Q

What is bile made of? Where is it secreted and stored?

A

Water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol

Secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

138
Q

What are the three different phases of digestion that gastrin controls?

A

Thoughts and smells

The gastric phase

Gastric excretion

139
Q

What’s the difference in vital capacity between a well-conditioned athlete and deconditioned person?

A

~Double

140
Q

What is the main passageway for both air and food, and the membrane-lined cavity connecting the nose and mouth to the esophagus?

A

The pharynx

141
Q

What’s the major structure of the circulatory system?

A

Blood

142
Q

What are the properties of lymph?

A

A colorless fluid containing white blood cells

ISSA S&C (16 decks)

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