Chapter 5: Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What is the interrelated groups of body segments, connecting joints, and muscles working together to perform movements and the portion of the spine to which they connect?
A
The kinetic chain
2
Q
What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?
A
The heart
Bloodstream
Blood vessels
3
Q
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
A
The lungs and respiratory pathways
4
Q
What are the 4 main functions of the lympathic system?
A
Helps balance fluid
Absorbs fats
Absorbs fat-soluble vitamins
Defends against disease
5
Q
How many chambers are in the heart?
A
4
2 in the atria (upper chambers)
2 in the ventricles (lower chambers)
6
Q
Where is the atrium located and what does it do?
A
The upper cavities of the heart
It passes blood to the ventricles
7
Q
What’s the difference between the right and left atrium?
A
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
8
Q
What do systemic veins do?
A
Carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
9
Q
What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
A
Pulmonary veins
10
Q
One of the two lower chambers of the heart located below the left and right atria
A
The ventricle
11
Q
What is the aorta?
A
- The main artery of the body
- Supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system
12
Q
How does deoxygenated blood return to the heart?
A
The superior vena cava in the upper body, head, arms
The inferior vena cava in the lower body
13
Q
What’s the location of the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract?
A
The sinoatrial node of the right atrium
14
Q
What is a cardiac cycle?
A
One alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart during one heartbeat
15
Q
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle called?
A
Systole sends blood out into the body or lungs (contraction phase)
Diastole causes the heart ventricles to fill with blood (relaxation phase)
16
Q
What is the name for the amount of blood the left ventricle pushes out in one heartbeat/contraction?
A
Stroke volume
17
Q
How does exercise affect the heart?
A
Strengthening the heart with exercise increases stroke volume, meaning the heart does not need to beat as frequently to circulate blood
18
Q
What’s the measurement of blood flow within the circulatory system?
A
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
19
Q
What’s a normal and high blood pressure reading?
A
120/80
140/90 or higher
20
Q
What are blood vessels made of?
A
Smooth muscle tissue
21
Q
What are the three factors that affect blood pressure measurements?
A
Cardiac output
Blood volume
Peripheral resistance
22
Q
What is cardiac output?
A
The amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
23
Q
What is peripheral resistance?
A
The amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries
24
Q
What type of tissue is blood?
A
Specialized type of connective tissue
25
What are the 5 functions of blood?
1) Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body
2) Removes carbon dioxide and waste products
3) Regulates temperature
4) Protects the body from infection
5) Prevents excessive bleeding
26
What liquid made of water, protein, sugar, and fat particles makes up about 55 percent of blood volume?
Blood plasma
27
What are the three different types of blood cells?
red (erythrocytes)
white (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
28
What does a red (erythrocytes) blood cell do?
Carries O2 from the lungs to the body
| Carries CO2 from the body back to the lungs
29
What does white (leukocytes) blood cells do?
Fights bacteria, viruses, and foreign cells and organisms
30
What do platelets (thrombocytes)?
Factor in blood clotting
31
What part of the circulatory system balances body fluids, absorbs fat-soluble nutrients, and fights disease and infection?
The lymphatic systems
32
What is lymph similar to?
A substance similar to blood plasma
33
What does interstitial fluid reside?
the spaces between cells
34
What is composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and cellular products?
Interstitial fluid
35
What regulates the volume and pressure within the tissues during exercise?
the lymphatic system
36
Where do lymph nodes reside?
Throughout the body along the lymphatic pathways
37
Where are lymph dense and physically palpable?
the inguinal nodes in the groin
axillary nodes in the armpit
cervical nodes in the neck
38
What are the 4 functions of lymph nodes?
Filter lymph fluid before returning it to the blood for circulation
Create antibodies and lymphocytes
Store macrophages
Remove pathogens
39
What is a lymphocyte?
A small leukocyte with a single round nucleus
40
What are the large phagocytic cells found in the stationary tissues
and white blood cells at sites of infection?
Macrophages
41
What are the tonsils?
Clusters of lymphatic tissue
Protect against pathogens through the nose and mouth
42
What's the largest lymphatic organ in the body?
The spleen
43
What manages and matures special lymphocytes called T-lymphocytes/ T-cells?
The thymus
44
What are T-lymphocytes or T-cells?
A type of white blood cell that helps the immune system defend against disease and infection
45
When do T-cells fight infected cells?
When B-lymphocytes mark infected cells
46
Are white blood cells processed by the thymus?
No
47
Where are t-cells first formed? Where are they sent to mature?
In an infant’s bone marrow
| Sent to the thymus to mature
48
What are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system?
Remove waste products of metabolism
Provide oxygen for metabolism
Regulate the pH of blood
49
What is the metabolic process?
The organic processes by which organisms obtain energy for life
50
What are the 2 phases of respiration?
Inspiration: Process of pulling oxygen in through the airways
Exhalation: Process of pushing carbon dioxide out through the airways
51
What structures are part of the respiratory system?
Nose and nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
52
What is the throat called?
The pharnyx
53
What's another name for the larynx? What does it connect?
The voice box
The pharynx and trachea
54
What is the trachea?
The main passageway for air that branches into the bronchial tubes
55
What are the bronchi?
Entry point of air into the lungs. From here, bronchi branch into smaller vessels
56
How many lobes do the lungs have?
The right lung has three lobes
The left lung has two lobes
57
What holds the heart and separates it from the lungs?
The mediastinum
58
What's another name for breathing?
Pulmonary ventilation
The exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air
59
What muscles contract during inspiration?
Diaphragm muscles
60
What is diffusion?
Movement of gases from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
61
What is the thoracic cavity?
The chest cavity
Enclosed by the ribs, vertebral column, and the sternum
Separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm
62
What is intra-alveolar pressure?
The pressure of the air within the alveoli, which changes during the different phases of breathing
63
What allows lungs to shrink to their resting size and volume during expiration?
Their elastic property
64
What does breathing in an even and controlled manner during cardiovascular activity achieve?
Improve use of oxygen and delays time to fatigue
65
What is external respiration?
The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood
66
Where does external respiration occur?
Alveoli
67
What is the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood into the interstitial fluid and cells?
Internal respiration
68
What is the red protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells?
Hemoglobin
69
What is aerobic metabolism?
Using oxygen at a cellular level to break down sugar (glucose) into the chemical form of energy (ATP)
70
What instrument measures the health of lungs?
A spirometer measures the airflow into and out of the lungs
71
What is the name for how much air is forcefully breathed out after an individual voluntarily inhales as much air as possible?
Vital capacity
72
How can someone improve vital capacity?
Cardiovascular exercise strengthens the muscles involved in respiration, thus increasing the efficiency of the lungs
73
People with larger bodies have larger lungs and higher . . .
Tidal (lung) volume
74
What is tidal volume?
The normal amount of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation when no additional force is applied
75
What is minute ventilation?
How much volume the lungs can process in one minute
76
How does the body supply working cells with oxygen for metabolism and remove waste products during exercise?
By increasing tidal volume and rate of breathing
77
What factors influence lung volume and capacity?
Age: Lungs are at their maximum capacity during early adulthood and decline with age
Sex: Female reproductive hormones lower aerobic power and pulmonary function
Body build: Smaller bodies have smaller lung capacity
Physical conditioning: Lung capacity improves (up to about 15 percent) with frequent aerobic exercise.
78
What is VO2 max?
The maximum volume of oxygen the body can use during intense exercise
79
What happens when the body can use more oxygen during exercise?
More ATP can be produced to fuel that exercise
80
What chemical messengers does the endocrine system regulate and for what activities?
Hormones for
```
Growth
Development
Homeostasis
Reproduction
Metabolic activities
```
81
What are the 3 major structures of the endocrine system?
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Hormones
82
What are the major glands of the endocrine system?
```
Hypothalamus
Ovaries
Thyroid
Testes
Adrenal
Thymus
Pineal gland
Pancreas
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid
```
83
What does the hypothalamus maintain?
Homeostasis
84
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
85
What is the hormone that inhibits the formation of melanin (dark pigment in eyes, hair, and skin)?
Melatonin
86
What do the pituitary glands produce?
Hormones that control other parts of the endocrine system (thyroid, adrenal, ovaries, and testes)
87
What is the main job of the thyroid?
Regulates metabolism
88
What do the four parathyroid glands regulate?
Calcium levels in the body
89
When is the only time the thymus is active?
Until puberty. It stimulates the development of T-lymphocytes
90
What are the two types of adrenal glands?
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
91
What does the pancreas maintain?
Blood glucose balance
92
What are hormones comprised of?
amino acids, lipids, or peptides
93
What are steroids?
Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms
94
What are the only hormones that can diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Lipid hormones
95
How are amino acid and peptide hormones transported?
To elicit the desired response inside the target cell, attach to cells with surface receptors
96
What are 4 methods of hormone regulation?
The release of other hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Direct nerve stimulation
Negative feedback loop
97
What benefits come from exercise and sleep stimulating growth hormone?
increases lean mass
reduces adiposity
improves bone density
98
What hormone increases the rate of red blood cell (RBC) production, which improves oxygen consumption, fatigue, and endurance capabilities?
Erythropoietin
99
What are the six functions in the digestive system responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules for energy at the cellular level?
Ingestion: taking food in through the mouth
Mechanical digestion: chewing (mastication) and the churning and mixing actions of the stomach that further break down food
Chemical digestion: breaking food down further via enzymes released into the stomach mixed with water
Movements: moving food through the digestive system by the rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract, a process known as peristalsis
Absorption: absorbing simple molecules by the cell membranes in the lining of the small intestine and moving into blood or lymph capillaries
Elimination: removing waste products and indigestible particles
100
Where does the digestive tract begin and end?
The mouth and anus
101
What are the four layers of specialized tissues in the digestive tract?
The mucosa
The muscularis mucosa
The submucosa
The serosa
102
What is the mucosa?
Lines the digestive tract and comes into contact with the food that passes through
103
What is the muscularis mucosa?
A smooth muscle cell that helps move food along
| Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
104
What is the submucosa?
The part of the digestive tract that moves food through
105
What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract that acts as a barrier between the internal organs and abdominal cavity?
Serosa
106
What does the serous fluid of the digestive tract do?
Reduces friction from muscle movements
107
How is the digestive system divided?
the alimentary tract and accessory organs
108
What is the alimentary tract?
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
109
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
Fundic
Cardiac
Body
Pyloric
110
What is gastrin?
A hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice
111
What is the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food?
Chyme
112
Where are most of the nutrients from food absorbed?
The small intestine
113
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
114
What structures handle absorption in the small intestine?
Plicae circulares
Villi
Microvilli
115
What is the primary role of the gallbladder?
To store bile for use in digestion
116
What does bile do?
Helps in the digestion and absorption of fats
117
What enzymes does the pancreas release during digestion?
Amylase, lipase, peptidase, and trypsin
118
What specialized cells in the pancreas secrete the endocrine hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin?
The islets of Langerhans
119
What hormones control secretions of the pancreas?
secretin and cholecystokinin
120
What does cholecystokinin do?
Helps digest proteins and fats
121
What does secretin do?
Regulates water balance and pH within the duodenum
122
What are the sections of the large intestine?
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
123
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water and electrolytes left over from digestion
| Pushes chyme along to be eliminated from the body
124
What is the role of mucus?
To lubricate passageways for food to move easily
125
What is the role of peptidase or protease?
To break down proteins
126
What is the role of sucrase?
To break down sucrose to fructose and glucose
127
What is the role of maltase?
To break down maltose to glucose
128
What is the role of lactase?
To break down lactose
129
What is the role of lipase?
To break down fatty acids
130
What is role of enterokinase?
To convert trypsinogen to trypsin to break down proteins
131
What are the 4 functions of the spleen?
Assists with erythrocyte homeostasis
Acts as a reservoir for blood
Releases blood during extreme blood loss
Filters blood-borne pathogens and antigens
132
Name some the functions the hypothalamus stimulates or inhibits
- Heart rate
- Thirst
- Appetite
- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Body temperature
- Sleep cycles
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines
- The release of substances that influence the pituitary glands
133
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gas exchange?
Alveoli
134
What is created when blood plasma flows through the capillary walls?
Lymph
135
How does lymph work?
Bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
136
What happens as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration?
Intra-alveolar pressure decreases so that air is sucked into the lungs
137
What is bile made of? Where is it secreted and stored?
Water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
138
What are the three different phases of digestion that gastrin controls?
Thoughts and smells
The gastric phase
Gastric excretion
139
What's the difference in vital capacity between a well-conditioned athlete and deconditioned person?
~Double
140
What is the main passageway for both air and food, and the membrane-lined cavity connecting the nose and mouth to the esophagus?
The pharynx
141
What's the major structure of the circulatory system?
Blood
142
What are the properties of lymph?
A colorless fluid containing white blood cells
