Chapter 5: Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards
What is the interrelated groups of body segments, connecting joints, and muscles working together to perform movements and the portion of the spine to which they connect?
The kinetic chain
What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?
The heart
Bloodstream
Blood vessels
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
The lungs and respiratory pathways
What are the 4 main functions of the lympathic system?
Helps balance fluid
Absorbs fats
Absorbs fat-soluble vitamins
Defends against disease
How many chambers are in the heart?
4
2 in the atria (upper chambers)
2 in the ventricles (lower chambers)
Where is the atrium located and what does it do?
The upper cavities of the heart
It passes blood to the ventricles
What’s the difference between the right and left atrium?
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
What do systemic veins do?
Carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
One of the two lower chambers of the heart located below the left and right atria
The ventricle
What is the aorta?
- The main artery of the body
- Supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system
How does deoxygenated blood return to the heart?
The superior vena cava in the upper body, head, arms
The inferior vena cava in the lower body
What’s the location of the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract?
The sinoatrial node of the right atrium
What is a cardiac cycle?
One alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart during one heartbeat
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle called?
Systole sends blood out into the body or lungs (contraction phase)
Diastole causes the heart ventricles to fill with blood (relaxation phase)
What is the name for the amount of blood the left ventricle pushes out in one heartbeat/contraction?
Stroke volume
How does exercise affect the heart?
Strengthening the heart with exercise increases stroke volume, meaning the heart does not need to beat as frequently to circulate blood
What’s the measurement of blood flow within the circulatory system?
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
What’s a normal and high blood pressure reading?
120/80
140/90 or higher
What are blood vessels made of?
Smooth muscle tissue
What are the three factors that affect blood pressure measurements?
Cardiac output
Blood volume
Peripheral resistance
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What is peripheral resistance?
The amount of resistance to blood flow in the arteries
What type of tissue is blood?
Specialized type of connective tissue
What are the 5 functions of blood?
1) Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body
2) Removes carbon dioxide and waste products
3) Regulates temperature
4) Protects the body from infection
5) Prevents excessive bleeding
What liquid made of water, protein, sugar, and fat particles makes up about 55 percent of blood volume?
Blood plasma
What are the three different types of blood cells?
red (erythrocytes)
white (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
What does a red (erythrocytes) blood cell do?
Carries O2 from the lungs to the body
Carries CO2 from the body back to the lungs
What does white (leukocytes) blood cells do?
Fights bacteria, viruses, and foreign cells and organisms
What do platelets (thrombocytes)?
Factor in blood clotting
What part of the circulatory system balances body fluids, absorbs fat-soluble nutrients, and fights disease and infection?
The lymphatic systems
What is lymph similar to?
A substance similar to blood plasma
What does interstitial fluid reside?
the spaces between cells
What is composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and cellular products?
Interstitial fluid
What regulates the volume and pressure within the tissues during exercise?
the lymphatic system
Where do lymph nodes reside?
Throughout the body along the lymphatic pathways
Where are lymph dense and physically palpable?
the inguinal nodes in the groin
axillary nodes in the armpit
cervical nodes in the neck
What are the 4 functions of lymph nodes?
Filter lymph fluid before returning it to the blood for circulation
Create antibodies and lymphocytes
Store macrophages
Remove pathogens
What is a lymphocyte?
A small leukocyte with a single round nucleus
What are the large phagocytic cells found in the stationary tissues
and white blood cells at sites of infection?
Macrophages
What are the tonsils?
Clusters of lymphatic tissue
Protect against pathogens through the nose and mouth
What’s the largest lymphatic organ in the body?
The spleen
What manages and matures special lymphocytes called T-lymphocytes/ T-cells?
The thymus
What are T-lymphocytes or T-cells?
A type of white blood cell that helps the immune system defend against disease and infection
When do T-cells fight infected cells?
When B-lymphocytes mark infected cells
Are white blood cells processed by the thymus?
No
Where are t-cells first formed? Where are they sent to mature?
In an infant’s bone marrow
Sent to the thymus to mature
What are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system?
Remove waste products of metabolism
Provide oxygen for metabolism
Regulate the pH of blood
What is the metabolic process?
The organic processes by which organisms obtain energy for life
What are the 2 phases of respiration?
Inspiration: Process of pulling oxygen in through the airways
Exhalation: Process of pushing carbon dioxide out through the airways
What structures are part of the respiratory system?
Nose and nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
What is the throat called?
The pharnyx
What’s another name for the larynx? What does it connect?
The voice box
The pharynx and trachea
What is the trachea?
The main passageway for air that branches into the bronchial tubes
What are the bronchi?
Entry point of air into the lungs. From here, bronchi branch into smaller vessels
How many lobes do the lungs have?
The right lung has three lobes
The left lung has two lobes
What holds the heart and separates it from the lungs?
The mediastinum
What’s another name for breathing?
Pulmonary ventilation
The exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air
What muscles contract during inspiration?
Diaphragm muscles
What is diffusion?
Movement of gases from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
What is the thoracic cavity?
The chest cavity
Enclosed by the ribs, vertebral column, and the sternum
Separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm
What is intra-alveolar pressure?
The pressure of the air within the alveoli, which changes during the different phases of breathing
What allows lungs to shrink to their resting size and volume during expiration?
Their elastic property
What does breathing in an even and controlled manner during cardiovascular activity achieve?
Improve use of oxygen and delays time to fatigue
What is external respiration?
The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood
Where does external respiration occur?
Alveoli
What is the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood into the interstitial fluid and cells?
Internal respiration
What is the red protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells?
Hemoglobin
What is aerobic metabolism?
Using oxygen at a cellular level to break down sugar (glucose) into the chemical form of energy (ATP)
What instrument measures the health of lungs?
A spirometer measures the airflow into and out of the lungs
What is the name for how much air is forcefully breathed out after an individual voluntarily inhales as much air as possible?
Vital capacity
How can someone improve vital capacity?
Cardiovascular exercise strengthens the muscles involved in respiration, thus increasing the efficiency of the lungs
People with larger bodies have larger lungs and higher . . .
Tidal (lung) volume
What is tidal volume?
The normal amount of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation when no additional force is applied
What is minute ventilation?
How much volume the lungs can process in one minute
How does the body supply working cells with oxygen for metabolism and remove waste products during exercise?
By increasing tidal volume and rate of breathing
What factors influence lung volume and capacity?
Age: Lungs are at their maximum capacity during early adulthood and decline with age
Sex: Female reproductive hormones lower aerobic power and pulmonary function
Body build: Smaller bodies have smaller lung capacity
Physical conditioning: Lung capacity improves (up to about 15 percent) with frequent aerobic exercise.
What is VO2 max?
The maximum volume of oxygen the body can use during intense exercise
What happens when the body can use more oxygen during exercise?
More ATP can be produced to fuel that exercise
What chemical messengers does the endocrine system regulate and for what activities?
Hormones for
Growth Development Homeostasis Reproduction Metabolic activities
What are the 3 major structures of the endocrine system?
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
Hormones
What are the major glands of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus Ovaries Thyroid Testes Adrenal Thymus Pineal gland Pancreas Pituitary gland Parathyroid
What does the hypothalamus maintain?
Homeostasis
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
What is the hormone that inhibits the formation of melanin (dark pigment in eyes, hair, and skin)?
Melatonin
What do the pituitary glands produce?
Hormones that control other parts of the endocrine system (thyroid, adrenal, ovaries, and testes)
What is the main job of the thyroid?
Regulates metabolism
What do the four parathyroid glands regulate?
Calcium levels in the body
When is the only time the thymus is active?
Until puberty. It stimulates the development of T-lymphocytes
What are the two types of adrenal glands?
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
What does the pancreas maintain?
Blood glucose balance
What are hormones comprised of?
amino acids, lipids, or peptides
What are steroids?
Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms
What are the only hormones that can diffuse across the plasma membrane?
Lipid hormones
How are amino acid and peptide hormones transported?
To elicit the desired response inside the target cell, attach to cells with surface receptors
What are 4 methods of hormone regulation?
The release of other hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Direct nerve stimulation
Negative feedback loop
What benefits come from exercise and sleep stimulating growth hormone?
increases lean mass
reduces adiposity
improves bone density
What hormone increases the rate of red blood cell (RBC) production, which improves oxygen consumption, fatigue, and endurance capabilities?
Erythropoietin
What are the six functions in the digestive system responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules for energy at the cellular level?
Ingestion: taking food in through the mouth
Mechanical digestion: chewing (mastication) and the churning and mixing actions of the stomach that further break down food
Chemical digestion: breaking food down further via enzymes released into the stomach mixed with water
Movements: moving food through the digestive system by the rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract, a process known as peristalsis
Absorption: absorbing simple molecules by the cell membranes in the lining of the small intestine and moving into blood or lymph capillaries
Elimination: removing waste products and indigestible particles
Where does the digestive tract begin and end?
The mouth and anus
What are the four layers of specialized tissues in the digestive tract?
The mucosa
The muscularis mucosa
The submucosa
The serosa
What is the mucosa?
Lines the digestive tract and comes into contact with the food that passes through
What is the muscularis mucosa?
A smooth muscle cell that helps move food along
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
What is the submucosa?
The part of the digestive tract that moves food through
What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract that acts as a barrier between the internal organs and abdominal cavity?
Serosa
What does the serous fluid of the digestive tract do?
Reduces friction from muscle movements
How is the digestive system divided?
the alimentary tract and accessory organs
What is the alimentary tract?
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
Fundic
Cardiac
Body
Pyloric
What is gastrin?
A hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric juice
What is the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food?
Chyme
Where are most of the nutrients from food absorbed?
The small intestine
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What structures handle absorption in the small intestine?
Plicae circulares
Villi
Microvilli
What is the primary role of the gallbladder?
To store bile for use in digestion
What does bile do?
Helps in the digestion and absorption of fats
What enzymes does the pancreas release during digestion?
Amylase, lipase, peptidase, and trypsin
What specialized cells in the pancreas secrete the endocrine hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin?
The islets of Langerhans
What hormones control secretions of the pancreas?
secretin and cholecystokinin
What does cholecystokinin do?
Helps digest proteins and fats
What does secretin do?
Regulates water balance and pH within the duodenum
What are the sections of the large intestine?
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water and electrolytes left over from digestion
Pushes chyme along to be eliminated from the body
What is the role of mucus?
To lubricate passageways for food to move easily
What is the role of peptidase or protease?
To break down proteins
What is the role of sucrase?
To break down sucrose to fructose and glucose
What is the role of maltase?
To break down maltose to glucose
What is the role of lactase?
To break down lactose
What is the role of lipase?
To break down fatty acids
What is role of enterokinase?
To convert trypsinogen to trypsin to break down proteins
What are the 4 functions of the spleen?
Assists with erythrocyte homeostasis
Acts as a reservoir for blood
Releases blood during extreme blood loss
Filters blood-borne pathogens and antigens
Name some the functions the hypothalamus stimulates or inhibits
- Heart rate
- Thirst
- Appetite
- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Body temperature
- Sleep cycles
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines
- The release of substances that influence the pituitary glands
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs that allow for rapid gas exchange?
Alveoli
What is created when blood plasma flows through the capillary walls?
Lymph
How does lymph work?
Bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
What happens as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration?
Intra-alveolar pressure decreases so that air is sucked into the lungs
What is bile made of? Where is it secreted and stored?
Water, bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
Secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
What are the three different phases of digestion that gastrin controls?
Thoughts and smells
The gastric phase
Gastric excretion
What’s the difference in vital capacity between a well-conditioned athlete and deconditioned person?
~Double
What is the main passageway for both air and food, and the membrane-lined cavity connecting the nose and mouth to the esophagus?
The pharynx
What’s the major structure of the circulatory system?
Blood
What are the properties of lymph?
A colorless fluid containing white blood cells
