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ISSA S&C > Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 2: Introduction and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

The study of human movement and mechanics

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2
Q

Which 2 functions of the nervous system are most important to strength and conditioning?

A

Processing sensory input

Coordinating movement

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3
Q

What’s involved with coordinating movements and processing sensory input?

A

1) Planning, initiating, and controlling movements
2) Smell, vision, taste, hearing

Receipt and interpretation of somatosensory information from the joints, ligaments, muscles, and skin

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4
Q

What are the two main types of CNS cells?

A

Neurons and glia

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5
Q

What are the neurons responsible for?

A
  • Transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body

- Producing an action potential

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6
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A rapid and substantial depolarization of the neuron’s membrane

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7
Q

What are the 4 main types of neurons?

A

Motor neurons: Transmit commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands (i.e. fine and gross motor skills)

Sensory neurons: Transmit information into the brain and spinal cord to detect movement, sight, touch, sound, and smell

Interneurons: Create circuits between sensory or motor neurons, and transmit information between different parts of the brain (i.e. internet of the brain)

Dendrites: Branches of the cell body that act as receivers, collecting information from other neurons.

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8
Q

What does glia provide?

A

protection and nutrients to neurons

-Example: Myelin forms a fatty sheath around the axon of a nerve

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9
Q

What connects a motor neuron to a muscle or gland and releases acetylcholine when innervating a muscle?

A

A synapse

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10
Q

How does acetylcholine work?

A

Binds to receptors on the muscle that trigger contraction after being released from the parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

What are the following part of? Motor division, Sensory division, Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system

A

The peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Subconscious actions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion

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14
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Voluntary movement

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15
Q

Where does the sensory division of the PNS send information from and to?

A

From the organs to the CNS

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16
Q

What does the motor division stimulate? Where does it carry nerve impulses from?

A

Muscles and glands

The central nervous system

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17
Q

What are the main parts of the spinal cord?

A
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Ventricles
  • Sensory Nerve
  • Motor Nerve
  • Mixed Nerve
18
Q

What type of information do spinal nerves relay?

A

Motor, sensory, and autonomic

19
Q

Where do motor neurons reside?

A

The peripheral nervous system

20
Q

What are the three motor units and three primary muscle fiber types?

A
  • Slow (S) motor unit = type I muscle fibers that can contract for hours
  • Fast fatigue-resistant (FFR) motor unit = type IIa muscle fibers can contract for minutes
  • Fast fatigable (FF) motor unit = type IIx muscle fibers last for 5-10 seconds
21
Q

What two neural processes determine the amount of force a muscle produces?

A

Motor unit recruitment: the activation of additional motor units for the muscle to produce higher levels of force

Rate coding. The frequency a motor neuron sends an action potential to its bundle of muscle fibers. The higher the rating coding, the stronger the contraction.

22
Q

What is the size principle of motor neuron recruitment?

A

The fixed, orderly recruitment of motor neurons from smallest to largest. Every movement uses S motor units, but only movements that require higher levels of force recruit FFR and FF motor units.

Low force = S motor units
Medium force = S + FFR motor units
High force = S + FFR + FF motor units

Small motor neurons are recruited first because they have a low threshold for activation.

FFR motor units have medium-size motor neurons and require more neural input from the spinal cord to activate.

FF motor units have the largest motor neurons and require very high levels of neural input to activate.

23
Q

Where does voluntary movement happen?

A

The motor cortex

24
Q

What are the parts of the motor cortex?

A
  • Premotor cortex
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Supplementary motor area
25
Q

How does the motor cortex communicate with the lower motor neurons?

A

Via neural tracts

26
Q

What is required for a joint to move?

A

The agonist (primary) muscle must be activated while the antagonist is inhibited.

27
Q

What does the GTO do?

A

The Golgi tendon organ detects changes in muscle tension and sends a signal to the spinal cord.

28
Q

What is alpha-gamma co-activation?

A

A process of muscle and muscle spindles contracting at the same rate.

29
Q

What part of forebrain help the CNS learn and control movement?

A

Cerebrum

30
Q

What parts of brain stem help the CNS interpret and analyze information?

A

The midbrain, pons, and medulla

31
Q

What part of the brain helps the CNS plan and coordinate movement?

A

Cerebrum

32
Q

What is responsible for transmitting motor information down from the brain and sensory information up to the brain?

A

The spinal cord

33
Q

What do upper motor neurons synapse with?

A

Lower motor neurons

34
Q

What does the muscle spindle do when a muscle lengthens rapidly?

A

It sends a distress signal into the spinal cord to avoid this potentially injurious action

35
Q

What does the diencephalon do?

A

Part of the forebrain that relays and integrates information from different parts of the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

What are the two different kinds of neural tracts?

A
  • Descending tracts send motor information down toward the muscle
  • Ascending tracts send sensory information from muscles and joints through the spinal cord to the brain
37
Q

What system releases norepinephrine to generate the fight or flight response?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

What system handles the rest and digest physiological processes?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

39
Q

What innervates muscles or glands and carries information that leads to muscle contraction?

A

A lower motor unit

40
Q

The pons, midbrain, and medulla have sensory and control of which muscles?

A

Head, neck, face, balance

ISSA S&C (16 decks)

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