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HLST128: Physiology II > Chapter 7: Adrenal Gland/Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Adrenal Gland/Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

above the kidneys in a capsule of fat

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2
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer portion

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3
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner portion

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4
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

steroid hormones
EXAMPLE: cortisol, DHEA

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5
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamine
EXAMPLE: epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

what are the three divisions of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
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7
Q

the zona glomerulosa secretes

A

mineralcorticoids

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8
Q

zona fasciculata secretes

A

glucocorticoids

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9
Q

zona reticularis secretes

A

sex steriods

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10
Q

example of mineralcorticoids

A
  • aldosterone
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11
Q

what is the main function of mineral corticoids

A
  • influence mineral balance (specifically NA and K)
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12
Q

example of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

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13
Q

what is the main function of glucocorticoids

A
  • major role in glucose, preotien and lipid metabolism
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14
Q

examples of sex hormones

A
  • dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
  • estrogen and progesterone
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15
Q

aldosterone is transported through the blood using

A

albuims

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16
Q

aldosterone effects the _________ and _________ of the kidney

A

distal and collecting tubule

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17
Q

what are the functions of aldosterone

A
  • promotes sodium retention and enhances k elimination during urine formation
  • na retention induces osmotic retention of h2o, expanding the ECF volume and maintaining long term blood pressure
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18
Q

what are the consequences if there is no aldosterone

A

excessive decrease in plasma volume leading to the death of a person by circulatory shock

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19
Q

aldosterone increases by (3 ways)

A
  1. activation of the RAAS due to the reduction in NA and a fall in the blood pressure
  2. direct stimulation of the adrenal cortex by a rise in the k concencentration
  3. angiotension promotes the growth of z. glomerulosa
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20
Q

regulation of aldosterone secretion is largely

A

independent

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21
Q

aldosterone hypersecretion is caused by

A
  • primary hyperaldosteronism or conn’s syndrom
  • secondary hyperaldosteronism
22
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism or conns syndrome

A
  • hypersecretion of aldosterone by adrenal tunor
23
Q

secondary hyperaldosteronism

A
  • inappropriately high activity of the rennin-angiotension system (RAAS)
24
Q

symptoms of aldosterone hypersecretion

A
  • hypernatremia and hypokalemia
  • hypertension (due to excessive Na and fluid retention)
25
Q

disorders of aldosterone hyposecretion

A
  • primary adrenocortical insufficency /. addisons disease
  • secondary adrenocortical insufficiency
26
Q

Primary adrenocortical insufficency

A
  • results from under secretion of all layers of the adrenal cortex
  • autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex by erroneus adrenal cortex attacking antibodies
  • deficency in both aldosterone and cortisol
27
Q

secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

A
  • occurs due to pituitary and hypothalmus abnormalities
  • caused by insufficent ACTH secretion
  • only cortisol is deficent
  • results in a poor responce to stress
28
Q

hypokalemia

A

disturbs cardiac rhythms
- k depletion

29
Q

hyponatremia

A
  • reduces blood volume
  • hypotension
30
Q

cortisol

A

poor responce to stress

31
Q

excessiva ATCH secretion MSH causes

A

hyperpigmentation

32
Q

functions of glucocorticoids

A
  • carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism
  • “permissive actions” for other hormonal activities
  • help people cope with stress
33
Q

CHO metabolism process

A

fasting –> liver –> glycogenolysis –> glycogen –> glucose –> blood –> brain

34
Q

CHO metabolism

A
  • gluconeogenesis
  • glucose sparing
  • stimulates protein degration in the muscles
  • faciliates lipolysis
  • pays a role in the adaption of stress
  • can have an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects
  • diurnal rhythm
35
Q

protein metabolism process

A

cortisol –> gluconeogenesis –> protein –> muscle tissues –> amino acids –> glucose

36
Q

protein metabolism

A
  • stimulates protein degration; converts muscle proteins into amino acids
  • gluconeogensis for repairement of damaged tissue or synthesis of new cellular structures
37
Q

fat metabolsim process

A

cortisol –> lipolysis –> fats/lipids –> fatty acids –> glucose (alternate energy sources)

38
Q

if a person lacking cortisol untreated

A

patient will enter into circulatory shock in a stressful situation that demands immediate

39
Q

glucocorticoids suppress

A

antibody production, prevents allergic reactions, and organ transplant

40
Q

glucocorticoids are an effective method of treating

A

rheumatoid arthritis
- inhibits inflammatory responce

41
Q

prolonged exposure to higher-than- normal concentration of glucocortcoids induces

A

gastric ulcers, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, menstral irrregularities and bone thinning
- limited ability to resist infections

42
Q

Cortisol hypersecretion causes

A

crushing syndrome

43
Q

crushing syndrome causes

A
  • overstimulation of adrenal cortex by excessive amounts of CRH and/ or ACTH
  • adrenal tumors that uncontrollably secrete cortisol independent of ACTH
  • ACTH secreting tumors located in places other than the pituitary gland
44
Q

crushing syndrome sings and symptoms

A
  • hyperglycaemia glucosuria (adrenal diabetes
  • excessive gluconegenesis causes hyperglycemia
  • abnormal fat distribution causes “buffalo hump” and “moon face (face oedema)”
45
Q

what is the only adrenal sex hormone that has biological importance

A

DHEA

46
Q

DHEA functions in males

A

overpowered by testicular testosterone

47
Q

DHEA function is females

A
  • growth of pubic and axillary hair
  • enhance of pubertal growth spurt
  • development and maintenance of female sex drive
48
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome symptoms in adult females

A

Exerts masculinizing effects
- hirsutism
- deepening of the voice
- breast become smaller and menstruation ceases

49
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome symptoms in a newborn female

A

Cause of female hermaphroditism
- have male type genitalia (clitoris looks like male penis)

50
Q

hirsutism

A

a female tends to develop a male pattern of body hair

51
Q

adrenogential syndrome effect in prepubertal males

A

Precocious pseudo puberty
- premature development of male secondary sexual characteristics

52
Q

andrenogenital syndrome effects in an adult male

A
  • has no apparent effects

HLST128: Physiology II (14 decks)

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