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HLST128: Physiology II > Ch.13 : The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch.13 : The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

passageway through the respiratory system

A

nasal passage –. pharynx –> larynx –> tracheae (windpipe) –> bronchi —> bronchioles —> pulmonary alveoli

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2
Q

diaphragm shaped

A
  • dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle
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3
Q

the diaphragm seperates

A

the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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4
Q

Plural sac

A
  • double walled, closed sac
  • seperates lungs from the thoracic cavity
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5
Q

the pleural sac separates

A

the lungs from the thoracic cavity

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6
Q

plural cavity location

A
  • inferior to the pleural sac
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7
Q

Intrapleural fluid is secreted by

A

the surface of the pleura

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8
Q

intraplural fluid purpose

A
  • lubricates pleural surface
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9
Q

lungs location

A
  • in the thoracic cavity
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10
Q

the lungs contain

A

a large concentration of elastic tissue

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11
Q

the lungs consist of

A
  • highly branched airways, alveoli, and pulmonary blood vessels
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12
Q

each lung is supplied by

A

one bronchi

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13
Q

Alveoli purpose

A
  • site of gas exchange
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14
Q

what do alveolar wall consist of

A

type 1 alveoli cells

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15
Q

purpose of type 2 alveoli. (3 things)

A

SECRETES SURFACNTANT
- decreases surface tension ; increases pulmonary compliance
- reduces lungs capacity to recoil (keeps them open—> prevents lungs from collapsing)
- maintains lungs stability

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16
Q

Boyle / Mariottes Law definition

A
  • at any temperature, the pressure excreted by the gas varies INVERSLEY with the volume of the lungs
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17
Q

Changes in _____________ produce a flow of air in and out of the lungs

A

intra alveolar pressure

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18
Q

What happens when the atmospheric pressure is lower than the intra-alveolar pressure?

A

air exists the lungs

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19
Q

What happens when the intra-alveolar pressure is lower that the atmospheric pressure?

A

air enters the lungs

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20
Q

Airflow goes from places of ______ pressure to areas of ______ pressure

A
  1. high
  2. low
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21
Q

what is tidal volume?

A
  • volume of air entering or leaving the lungs with a single breath
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22
Q

average tidal volume

A

500ml

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23
Q

What is the Inspiration Reserve volume (IRV)?

A
  • extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above typical resting tidal volume
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24
Q

average IRV

A

3000 ml

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25
Q

What is expiatory reserve volume (ERV)?

A
  • extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume
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26
Q

what is the average ERV

A

1000ml

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27
Q

what is the Residual Volume (RV)

A
  • minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration
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28
Q

what is the average RV

A
  • 1200 ml
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29
Q

what is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold

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30
Q

what is the average TLC

A
  • 5,700 ml
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31
Q

TLC formula

A

TLC = VC + RV

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32
Q

What is vital capacity

A
  • the max volume of air that can be moved in / out in a single breath following maximum inspiration
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33
Q

average VC

A

4500 ml

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34
Q

VC formula

A

VC = IRV + VT + ERV

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35
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A
  • volume of air breathed in / out in one minute
36
Q

Factors that change lung volume

A
  • minute / pulmonary ventilation
  • respiratory rate
37
Q

pulmonary ventilation formula

A

TV x Resp. Rate

38
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A
  • volume of air exchanged between atmosphere and the alveoli per minute
39
Q

Alveolar ventilation formula

A

(TV - Dead space) x resp. rate

40
Q

What is automatic dead space

A
  • out of tatal inspired air at the site of gas exchange in the alveoli, a portion that remains in the conducting airways
  • not avaiable for cellular respiration
41
Q

Average amount of dead space

A

150ml

42
Q

pressure consideration in ventalation consist of:

A
  • atmospheric pressure
  • intra-alveolar pressure
  • intrapleural pressure
  • transmural pressure
43
Q

atmospheric pressure is also called

A

barometic pressure

44
Q

intra -alveolar pressure is also called

A

intra pulmonary pressure

45
Q

intrapleural presssure in as called

A

intra-thoracic pressure

46
Q

average baromatic pressure

A

760 mm Hg

47
Q

transmural pressure lacation

A
  • within the walls of the lungs
48
Q

muscle of quiet breathing (quite inspiration)

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
49
Q

Muscles of deep breathing (Inspiration)

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
  • accesory muscles of inspiration
50
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration consist of (2)

A
  • sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
  • scalenes
51
Q

Muscles of expiration (forced breathing)

A
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
  • abdominal muscles
52
Q

Air flow formula

A
  • F = R/P
53
Q

p
(F=R/P)

A

the difference between atmospheric pressure and intra-alveolar pressure

54
Q

R
(F= R/P)

A
  • resistance of airways (radius)
55
Q

resistance in a health persons lungs

A

radius remains large –> resistance remains low

56
Q

Resistance in an astmatic person

A

radius can be small —> resistance is high —-> less air moves into the lungs

57
Q

Sympathetic nervous sytem occurs when

A
  • stressed or exhasted
58
Q

Sympathetic nervous system effect on the resistance

A
  • secretes epinephrine —> smooth muscle relaxation —> bronchiodilation —> decreased airway resistance
59
Q

parasympathetic nervous system occurs when body is

A
  • quite and relaxed
60
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system effect on resistance

A

smooth muscle contraction —> bronchioconstriction —-> increased airway resistance

61
Q

Compliance

A

how much effort is required to stretch / distend the lungs

62
Q

Purpose fo alveolar surface tension

A
  • opposed the expansion of alveoli
  • surface area of liquid tends to shrink because water molecules forcefully attach to each other (reduces surface tension)
63
Q

accumulation of CO2 in the alveoli

A
  • decreases airway resistance and increases airflow
64
Q

increase in alveolar O2

A

brings about vasodilation
- increases blood flow to match larger airflow

65
Q

blood is known as the “_______ transport system” between the lungs and the tissue

A

tranport system

66
Q

Factors that affect the rate of gas transportation

A
  • parietal pressure
  • surface area
  • thickness of the barrier
  • diffusion coe-efficent for gas
67
Q

as surface area increases the rate of gas transfer _______

A

increases

68
Q

increase of the thickness of the barrier separating air and blood _______ the rate of gas transfer

A

decreases

69
Q

rate of gas exchange is _______ proportional to the diffusion coefficent for a gas

A

directly

70
Q

hwo to calculate parietal pressure

A
71
Q

gases move _____ the parietal pressure gradient

A

down
(towards area of less concentration / pressure)

72
Q

what percent of oxygen is transported in the plasma (physically dissolved)

A

1.5%

73
Q

oxygen is _______ plasma soluble

A

poorly

74
Q

what percent of oxygen is transported chemically bound to haemoglobin

A

98.5%

75
Q

when oxygen is bound to hemoglobin it is called

A

oxyhemoglobin

76
Q

What percent of carbon dioxide is physically dissloved

A

5-10%

77
Q

what percent of carbon dioxide is bound to haemoglobin through transportation

A

5-10%

78
Q

what percentage of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3)

A

80-90%

79
Q

Medullary respiratory center (MO) contains

A
  • Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
  • ventral respiratory Group (VRG)
80
Q

DRG on effect

A

inspiration

81
Q

DGR off effect

A

expiration

82
Q

VRG only activates during

A

increased ventilation
EXAMPLE: excerisize, sex

83
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A
  • helps DRG to switch off the inspiratory neurons
84
Q

Apneustic center

A
  • prevents the inspiring neurons from being switched off
85
Q

the apneustic center is found in the

A

pons

86
Q

herring- breuer reflex is triggered

A

to prevent overinflation of the lugs

87
Q

what are the chemical factors that play a role in determining the magnitude of ventlation

A

PO2
PCO2
H

HLST128: Physiology II (14 decks)

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