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HLST128: Physiology II > Chapter 15: Fluid Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Fluid Balance Flashcards

1
Q

The cells of the multicellular organisms survive and function only within a very ______ _______ of composition of the ECF

A

narrow range

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2
Q

internal pool

A

the quantity of any particular substance in the ECF

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3
Q

the amount of substance in internal pool may be increased by:

A
  • transferring more from the external environment
  • metabolically producing it within the body
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4
Q

substances may be removed from the body by

A
  • excretion
  • used metabollically in the body
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5
Q

input

A

the amount of substance added to the internal pool

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6
Q

output

A

the amount of substance removed from the internal pool

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7
Q

example of storage in the cell

A
  • glucose transforming to glycogen to be stored in the liver
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8
Q

glucose no storage formula

A

C6H12O6 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

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9
Q

glucose formula storage

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6

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10
Q

positive balance

A
  • gain exceeds the loss
  • total amount of substance in the body increases
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11
Q

negative balance

A
  • loss exceeds the gain
  • total amount of substance in the body decreases
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12
Q

stable balance

A

total input = total body output

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13
Q

what percentage of water constitiutes the weight of the body

A

60%

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14
Q

why does the water content of a person remain fairly constant

A

due to the kidneys ability to regulate water balance

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15
Q

variation in the bodys water content varies,

A
  • person to person
  • the amount of adipose tissue in the body
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16
Q

plasma water percentage

A

90%

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17
Q

soft tissues (skin, muscle, and internal organs) water percentage

A

70-80%

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18
Q

dry skeletal water percentage

A

22%

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19
Q

adipose tissue water percentage

A

10% water

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20
Q

why does a lean person have a higher water content than an obese person

A

becasue adipose tissue is only made up of 10% water

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21
Q

a high percentage of body water is associated with

A

leanness

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22
Q

a low percentage of body water is associated with

A

obesity

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23
Q

distribution of water content in males

A
  • generally have less adipose tissue
  • contiain more water deposition
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24
Q

distribution of water content in females

A
  • females have high estrogen (promotes fat)
  • have more adipose tissue (less water content)
  • water content decreases with age
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25
Q

what gender has lower water %

A

women

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26
Q

ICF

A

fluid within the cells

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27
Q

ECF

A
  • fluid surrounding cells
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28
Q

the ECF is made up of

A
  • plasma
  • interstitial fluid
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29
Q

interstitial fluid makes up _____% of ECF volume

A

75

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30
Q

plasma makes up what __% of ECF volume

A

25

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31
Q

2/3 of the total bodys water

A

ICF

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32
Q

transcellular fluids

A
  • fluid volume secreted by a specific cell into a particular body cavity
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33
Q

What is the barrier between the plasma and interstitial fluid

A

blood vessel / capillary walls

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34
Q

what is the barrier between the ECF and ICF

A

cellular plasma membrane

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35
Q

what is the primary ion of the ECF

A

na

36
Q

what is the primary ion of the ICF

A

k

37
Q

permebabilty of the capillary wall

A

permeable

38
Q

plamsa membrane permeability

A

selectively permeable
- cell proteins in the ICF cannot permeate the cell membrane and leave the cells

39
Q

blood vessel walls

A
  • separates ECF and plasma
  • allows h20 and plasma constitutes to freely exchange between the plasma and the interstitial fluid by passive diffusion
40
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • only allows certain constitutes
  • uses both active and passive mechanisms of transport
41
Q

the cell membrane contains

A
  • cell protiens-receptors/channels
  • na-k pump
42
Q

the movement of h20 between the plasma and interstitial fluid is governed by,

A
  • capillary blood pressure (fluid or hydrostatic)
  • plasma colloid osmotic pressure
43
Q

movement of h20 between the ICF and ECF is governed by

A
  • osmotic effect only
44
Q

the EFC serve as an _________ between the external environment and the cell

A

intermediate

45
Q

Plasma has a ____ effect on its volume and composition of the ECF

A

direct

46
Q

EFC volume and osmolarity regulates

A

fluid balance in the ECF `

47
Q

ECF volume

A
  • regulates blood pressure
48
Q

what regualtes the ECF volume

A

salt balance

49
Q

_________ help to maintain the ECF volume

A

water content

50
Q

ECF osmolarity

A
  • regulates water blance
  • regulates cells from swelling and shrinking
51
Q

____ help maintain osmolarity

A

NaCl

52
Q

how much salt is lost through sweat and feces

A

0.5 g / day `

53
Q

how much salt is lost in the urine

A

10.0g/day

54
Q

what is the total input and output of salt

A

10.5g/day

55
Q

salt balance prevents

A

salt accumulation and salt deficit in the body

56
Q

what is the major source of salts intake

A

food

57
Q

extra ingested salt must be excreted in the urine through

A
  • sweat
  • feces
  • urine
  • diarrhea and vomiting
58
Q

salt load

A

amount of salt in the plasma

59
Q

kidneys adjust the amount of salt excreted by controlling these two processes

A
  • GFR
  • Tubular reabsortion
60
Q

decrease in arterial blood pressure (decreased na) causes

A
  • a decrease in GFR (decrease na filtered)
  • increased aldosterone (increased na reabsorption)
61
Q

increased sympathetic activity causes

A

increased cardiac output

62
Q

arteriolar vasoconstriction causes

A
  • increased total peripheral resistance
  • decresed glomerular capillary pressure
63
Q

decreased GFR =

A

decreased urine production
- increased salt conservation

64
Q

short term blood pressure regulation when there is decreased arteriolar blood pressure

A
  • increased cardiac output and increased TPR
  • increases arteriolar blood pressure
65
Q

long term adjustment of blood pressure when there is decreased arteriolar blood pressure

A
  • decreased GFR
  • decreased urine production
  • increased salt and fluid conservation
66
Q

Functions of the RAAS

A
  • retention of water
  • expansion of the plasma volume
  • elevation of the arterial blood rpessure
67
Q

angiotensinogen is secreted by

A

the liver

68
Q

renin is secreted by

A

the kidneys

69
Q

purpose of renin

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

70
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme is secreted by

A

the lungs

71
Q

ACE purpose

A

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

72
Q

angiotensin II causes the adrenal cortex to secrete

A

aldosterone

73
Q

function sof angiotensin II

A
  • causes the release of vasopressin
  • causes thirst
  • arteriolar vasoconstriction
74
Q

vasopressin

A

increases h20 reabsorption by the kidney tubules

75
Q

function of aldosterone

A

increases na reabsorption by kidney tubules

76
Q

process when the arterial blood pressure falls

A
  1. GFR reduces (decreases na filtered)
  2. aldosterone (increases na reabsorption)
  3. result: reduced na excretion
  4. favours water conservation
  5. leads to increased blood pressure
77
Q

process when the arteriolar blood pressure rises

A
  1. increase in na filtered (increase GFR)
  2. reduces RAAS activity
  3. Na and h20 lost
  4. fall in plasma volume
  5. decreased blood pressure
78
Q

osmolarity definition

A

individual solute concentration in a given solution

79
Q

osmolarity is important in maintaining

A

long term blood pressure
- important in preventing cell swelling / shrinking

80
Q

sources of water input

A
  • drinking liquid
  • eating solid food
  • metabolically produced h2o
81
Q

sources of h2o output

A
  • lung and skin
  • extensive burns
  • sweating
  • feces
  • urine
82
Q

hypothalmic osmoreceptors

A

activates thirst and vasopressin to maintain plasma osmolarity

83
Q

atrial baroreceptors

A

monitors blood pressure through the left atrium to maintain ECF volume

84
Q

thirst effect on plasma osmolarity

A

decreases

85
Q

thirst and vasopressin effect on plasma volume

A

increases

HLST128: Physiology II (14 decks)

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