Chapter 15: Fluid Balance Flashcards
The cells of the multicellular organisms survive and function only within a very ______ _______ of composition of the ECF
narrow range
internal pool
the quantity of any particular substance in the ECF
the amount of substance in internal pool may be increased by:
- transferring more from the external environment
- metabolically producing it within the body
substances may be removed from the body by
- excretion
- used metabollically in the body
input
the amount of substance added to the internal pool
output
the amount of substance removed from the internal pool
example of storage in the cell
- glucose transforming to glycogen to be stored in the liver
glucose no storage formula
C6H12O6 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
glucose formula storage
6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6
positive balance
- gain exceeds the loss
- total amount of substance in the body increases
negative balance
- loss exceeds the gain
- total amount of substance in the body decreases
stable balance
total input = total body output
what percentage of water constitiutes the weight of the body
60%
why does the water content of a person remain fairly constant
due to the kidneys ability to regulate water balance
variation in the bodys water content varies,
- person to person
- the amount of adipose tissue in the body
plasma water percentage
90%
soft tissues (skin, muscle, and internal organs) water percentage
70-80%
dry skeletal water percentage
22%
adipose tissue water percentage
10% water
why does a lean person have a higher water content than an obese person
becasue adipose tissue is only made up of 10% water
a high percentage of body water is associated with
leanness
a low percentage of body water is associated with
obesity
distribution of water content in males
- generally have less adipose tissue
- contiain more water deposition
distribution of water content in females
- females have high estrogen (promotes fat)
- have more adipose tissue (less water content)
- water content decreases with age
what gender has lower water %
women
ICF
fluid within the cells
ECF
- fluid surrounding cells
the ECF is made up of
- plasma
- interstitial fluid
interstitial fluid makes up _____% of ECF volume
75
plasma makes up what __% of ECF volume
25
2/3 of the total bodys water
ICF
transcellular fluids
- fluid volume secreted by a specific cell into a particular body cavity
What is the barrier between the plasma and interstitial fluid
blood vessel / capillary walls
what is the barrier between the ECF and ICF
cellular plasma membrane
what is the primary ion of the ECF
na
what is the primary ion of the ICF
k
permebabilty of the capillary wall
permeable
plamsa membrane permeability
selectively permeable
- cell proteins in the ICF cannot permeate the cell membrane and leave the cells
blood vessel walls
- separates ECF and plasma
- allows h20 and plasma constitutes to freely exchange between the plasma and the interstitial fluid by passive diffusion
Cell membrane
- only allows certain constitutes
- uses both active and passive mechanisms of transport
the cell membrane contains
- cell protiens-receptors/channels
- na-k pump
the movement of h20 between the plasma and interstitial fluid is governed by,
- capillary blood pressure (fluid or hydrostatic)
- plasma colloid osmotic pressure
movement of h20 between the ICF and ECF is governed by
- osmotic effect only
the EFC serve as an _________ between the external environment and the cell
intermediate
Plasma has a ____ effect on its volume and composition of the ECF
direct
EFC volume and osmolarity regulates
fluid balance in the ECF `
ECF volume
- regulates blood pressure
what regualtes the ECF volume
salt balance
_________ help to maintain the ECF volume
water content
ECF osmolarity
- regulates water blance
- regulates cells from swelling and shrinking
____ help maintain osmolarity
NaCl
how much salt is lost through sweat and feces
0.5 g / day `
how much salt is lost in the urine
10.0g/day
what is the total input and output of salt
10.5g/day
salt balance prevents
salt accumulation and salt deficit in the body
what is the major source of salts intake
food
extra ingested salt must be excreted in the urine through
- sweat
- feces
- urine
- diarrhea and vomiting
salt load
amount of salt in the plasma
kidneys adjust the amount of salt excreted by controlling these two processes
- GFR
- Tubular reabsortion
decrease in arterial blood pressure (decreased na) causes
- a decrease in GFR (decrease na filtered)
- increased aldosterone (increased na reabsorption)
increased sympathetic activity causes
increased cardiac output
arteriolar vasoconstriction causes
- increased total peripheral resistance
- decresed glomerular capillary pressure
decreased GFR =
decreased urine production
- increased salt conservation
short term blood pressure regulation when there is decreased arteriolar blood pressure
- increased cardiac output and increased TPR
- increases arteriolar blood pressure
long term adjustment of blood pressure when there is decreased arteriolar blood pressure
- decreased GFR
- decreased urine production
- increased salt and fluid conservation
Functions of the RAAS
- retention of water
- expansion of the plasma volume
- elevation of the arterial blood rpessure
angiotensinogen is secreted by
the liver
renin is secreted by
the kidneys
purpose of renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
angiotensin-converting enzyme is secreted by
the lungs
ACE purpose
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
angiotensin II causes the adrenal cortex to secrete
aldosterone
function sof angiotensin II
- causes the release of vasopressin
- causes thirst
- arteriolar vasoconstriction
vasopressin
increases h20 reabsorption by the kidney tubules
function of aldosterone
increases na reabsorption by kidney tubules
process when the arterial blood pressure falls
- GFR reduces (decreases na filtered)
- aldosterone (increases na reabsorption)
- result: reduced na excretion
- favours water conservation
- leads to increased blood pressure
process when the arteriolar blood pressure rises
- increase in na filtered (increase GFR)
- reduces RAAS activity
- Na and h20 lost
- fall in plasma volume
- decreased blood pressure
osmolarity definition
individual solute concentration in a given solution
osmolarity is important in maintaining
long term blood pressure
- important in preventing cell swelling / shrinking
sources of water input
- drinking liquid
- eating solid food
- metabolically produced h2o
sources of h2o output
- lung and skin
- extensive burns
- sweating
- feces
- urine
hypothalmic osmoreceptors
activates thirst and vasopressin to maintain plasma osmolarity
atrial baroreceptors
monitors blood pressure through the left atrium to maintain ECF volume
thirst effect on plasma osmolarity
decreases
thirst and vasopressin effect on plasma volume
increases