Chapter 15: Fluid Balance Flashcards
1
Q
The cells of the multicellular organisms survive and function only within a very ______ _______ of composition of the ECF
A
narrow range
2
Q
internal pool
A
the quantity of any particular substance in the ECF
3
Q
the amount of substance in internal pool may be increased by:
A
- transferring more from the external environment
- metabolically producing it within the body
4
Q
substances may be removed from the body by
A
- excretion
- used metabollically in the body
5
Q
input
A
the amount of substance added to the internal pool
6
Q
output
A
the amount of substance removed from the internal pool
7
Q
example of storage in the cell
A
- glucose transforming to glycogen to be stored in the liver
8
Q
glucose no storage formula
A
C6H12O6 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
9
Q
glucose formula storage
A
6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6
10
Q
positive balance
A
- gain exceeds the loss
- total amount of substance in the body increases
11
Q
negative balance
A
- loss exceeds the gain
- total amount of substance in the body decreases
12
Q
stable balance
A
total input = total body output
13
Q
what percentage of water constitiutes the weight of the body
A
60%
14
Q
why does the water content of a person remain fairly constant
A
due to the kidneys ability to regulate water balance
15
Q
variation in the bodys water content varies,
A
- person to person
- the amount of adipose tissue in the body
16
Q
plasma water percentage
A
90%
17
Q
soft tissues (skin, muscle, and internal organs) water percentage
A
70-80%
18
Q
dry skeletal water percentage
A
22%
19
Q
adipose tissue water percentage
A
10% water
20
Q
why does a lean person have a higher water content than an obese person
A
becasue adipose tissue is only made up of 10% water
21
Q
a high percentage of body water is associated with
A
leanness
22
Q
a low percentage of body water is associated with
A
obesity
23
Q
distribution of water content in males
A
- generally have less adipose tissue
- contiain more water deposition
24
Q
distribution of water content in females
A
- females have high estrogen (promotes fat)
- have more adipose tissue (less water content)
- water content decreases with age
25
what gender has lower water %
women
26
ICF
fluid within the cells
27
ECF
- fluid surrounding cells
28
the ECF is made up of
- plasma
- interstitial fluid
29
interstitial fluid makes up _____% of ECF volume
75
30
plasma makes up what __% of ECF volume
25
31
2/3 of the total bodys water
ICF
32
transcellular fluids
- fluid volume secreted by a specific cell into a particular body cavity
33
What is the barrier between the plasma and interstitial fluid
blood vessel / capillary walls
34
what is the barrier between the ECF and ICF
cellular plasma membrane
35
what is the primary ion of the ECF
na
36
what is the primary ion of the ICF
k
37
permebabilty of the capillary wall
permeable
38
plamsa membrane permeability
selectively permeable
- cell proteins in the ICF cannot permeate the cell membrane and leave the cells
39
blood vessel walls
- separates ECF and plasma
- allows h20 and plasma constitutes to freely exchange between the plasma and the interstitial fluid by passive diffusion
40
Cell membrane
- only allows certain constitutes
- uses both active and passive mechanisms of transport
41
the cell membrane contains
- cell protiens-receptors/channels
- na-k pump
42
the movement of h20 between the plasma and interstitial fluid is governed by,
- capillary blood pressure (fluid or hydrostatic)
- plasma colloid osmotic pressure
43
movement of h20 between the ICF and ECF is governed by
- osmotic effect only
44
the EFC serve as an _________ between the external environment and the cell
intermediate
45
Plasma has a ____ effect on its volume and composition of the ECF
direct
46
EFC volume and osmolarity regulates
fluid balance in the ECF `
47
ECF volume
- regulates blood pressure
48
what regualtes the ECF volume
salt balance
49
_________ help to maintain the ECF volume
water content
50
ECF osmolarity
- regulates water blance
- regulates cells from swelling and shrinking
51
____ help maintain osmolarity
NaCl
52
how much salt is lost through sweat and feces
0.5 g / day `
53
how much salt is lost in the urine
10.0g/day
54
what is the total input and output of salt
10.5g/day
55
salt balance prevents
salt accumulation and salt deficit in the body
56
what is the major source of salts intake
food
57
extra ingested salt must be excreted in the urine through
- sweat
- feces
- urine
- diarrhea and vomiting
58
salt load
amount of salt in the plasma
59
kidneys adjust the amount of salt excreted by controlling these two processes
- GFR
- Tubular reabsortion
60
decrease in arterial blood pressure (decreased na) causes
- a decrease in GFR (decrease na filtered)
- increased aldosterone (increased na reabsorption)
61
increased sympathetic activity causes
increased cardiac output
62
arteriolar vasoconstriction causes
- increased total peripheral resistance
- decresed glomerular capillary pressure
63
decreased GFR =
decreased urine production
- increased salt conservation
64
short term blood pressure regulation when there is decreased arteriolar blood pressure
- increased cardiac output and increased TPR
- increases arteriolar blood pressure
65
long term adjustment of blood pressure when there is decreased arteriolar blood pressure
- decreased GFR
- decreased urine production
- increased salt and fluid conservation
66
Functions of the RAAS
- retention of water
- expansion of the plasma volume
- elevation of the arterial blood rpessure
67
angiotensinogen is secreted by
the liver
68
renin is secreted by
the kidneys
69
purpose of renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
70
angiotensin-converting enzyme is secreted by
the lungs
71
ACE purpose
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
72
angiotensin II causes the adrenal cortex to secrete
aldosterone
73
function sof angiotensin II
- causes the release of vasopressin
- causes thirst
- arteriolar vasoconstriction
74
vasopressin
increases h20 reabsorption by the kidney tubules
75
function of aldosterone
increases na reabsorption by kidney tubules
76
process when the arterial blood pressure falls
1. GFR reduces (decreases na filtered)
2. aldosterone (increases na reabsorption)
3. result: reduced na excretion
4. favours water conservation
5. leads to increased blood pressure
77
process when the arteriolar blood pressure rises
1. increase in na filtered (increase GFR)
2. reduces RAAS activity
3. Na and h20 lost
4. fall in plasma volume
5. decreased blood pressure
78
osmolarity definition
individual solute concentration in a given solution
79
osmolarity is important in maintaining
long term blood pressure
- important in preventing cell swelling / shrinking
80
sources of water input
- drinking liquid
- eating solid food
- metabolically produced h2o
81
sources of h2o output
- lung and skin
- extensive burns
- sweating
- feces
- urine
82
hypothalmic osmoreceptors
activates thirst and vasopressin to maintain plasma osmolarity
83
atrial baroreceptors
monitors blood pressure through the left atrium to maintain ECF volume
84
thirst effect on plasma osmolarity
decreases
85
thirst and vasopressin effect on plasma volume
increases
