Chapter 11: The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The blood represents ___ % of total body weight

A

8
- 5 liters in women
- 5.5 liters in men

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2
Q

Erythrocytes function

A

Red Blood Cells
- important in O2 and CO2 transport to body tissue

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3
Q

Leukocytes function

A

White Blood Cell
- immune systems mobile defence units
EXAMPLE: antibodies

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4
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets
- important in hemostasis (blood clotting)

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5
Q

Plasma represent __% of whole blood and its total weight

A

65

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6
Q

the buffy coat is made up of

A
  • platelets and leukocytes
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7
Q

the buffy coat makes up __% of the whole blood

A

1

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8
Q

Erythrocytes make up __% of whole blood

A

45

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9
Q

Eosinophilis function

A

Leukocyte
- attack parasitic worms; important in alergric reactions

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10
Q

Monocytes function

A

Leukocytes
- in transit to become tissue macrophages

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11
Q

types of lymphocytes

A
  • B Lymphocytes
  • T Lymphocytes
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12
Q

B lymphocytes function

A
  • produce antibodies
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13
Q

T lymphocytes function

A
  • cell mediated immune responses
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14
Q

hematocrit values in females

A

42%

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15
Q

hematocrit values in men

A

45%

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16
Q

average pl. volume in blood females

A

58%

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17
Q

average pl. volume in males

A

55%

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18
Q

Plasma composition

A
  • 90% water
  • 1% inorganic molecules
  • 6-8% plasma proteins
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19
Q

Albumins

A
  • most abundant
  • contribute to pl. colloid osmotic pressure
  • transport many poorly soluable substances in the plasma
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19
Q

three plasma proteins

A
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • Fibrinogens
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19
Q

Albumins examples

A
  • bilirubin
  • penicillin
  • bile salts
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20
Q

Globulins

A
  • exsists in three forms
  • three units bind and transport many substances, such as TH, iron, and cholerstrol in the plasma
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21
Q

Alpha and Beta globulins

A
  • transport many water- insoluble substances; clotting factors; inactive precursor molecules
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22
Q

Gamma Globulins

A
  • antibodies
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23
Alpha golbulin
- activates the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin - II to regulate salt-water balance in the body
24
Fibronogens
- involved in clot formation
25
How many RBS's are there
5 million
26
Erythrocyte structure
- contain no nucleus, orgenelles, or ribosomes - flat, thin, disc-shaped, and slightly dented in the middle on both sides
27
Purpose of biconcave, flat, disc shape in Erythrocytes
- provides larger surface area - thinnest promotes rapid O2 diffusion
28
Advantage of the flexiable membrane in RBC
- allows RBC's to travel through the narrow capillaries without rupturing in the process
28
Role of Hemoglobin
- responsible for O2 and CO2 transportation - only found in RBC
29
Hemoglobin pigement contains
iron
30
hemoglobin pigment color
- appears reddish when oxygenated - appears bluish when deoxygenated
31
What are the two parts of hemoglobin
1. globin portion 2. Heme groups
32
Globin portion
- a protein composed of four highly folded polypeptide chains
33
Heme Groups
- four iron containing non protein groups - each is bound to one of the polypeptides
34
How many Hb molecules does each erythrocyte contain
250 million
35
What does Hb transport
- O2 - CO2 - acidic H- ions -CO - NO
36
what percent of the oxygen is transported through Hb
98.5
37
purpose of NO in tissues
- vasodilator to arterioles - helps stabilize blood pressure by vasodilation and vasoconstriction
38
how many erythrocytes are contained in adult blood
25-30 trillion
39
How long do RBC's last
120 days WHY?? - not enough energy, only lasts that amount of time
40
what is the rate that RBC's must be replaced at?
- 2-3 million cells/second
41
where do erythrocytes differentiate
- red bone marrrow
42
Erythropoietin
- is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulate RBC production - synthetic version is avaliable
43
Anemia
- refers to a below than normal o2 carrying cpacity of the blood, characterized by low hematocrit
44
Causes of Anemia
- decreased rate of erythropoiesis - excessive loss of PBS - deficiency in Hb content of RBC
45
Nutritional anemia
- causes by iron deficient diet RBC are produced by contain less Hb than normal (they cannot transport as much o2)
46
Why is iron needed?
- essential for Hb production
47
Pernicious anemia
- failure to absorb B12 - deficiency in intrinsic factor (stomach) - leads to the imparentment of RBC production and maturation
48
hemolytic anemia (sickle-cell) casues
- rupture of a excessive number of circulating RBC's - defects in RBC or ruptured induced external factors (malaria parasites) - hereditary - defective type of Hb polymerizes - deformed RBCS clump (compromised blood flow) - rate of RBC rupture exceeded erythropoiesis
49
Sickle cell disease effects (statistics)
1 in 650 people of african decent
50
Polycythemia
- characterized by too many circulating RBCs and elevated hematocrit
51
Primary polycythemia
- caused by the tumorlike condition of bone marrow - eryhtropoisesis proceeds at an uncontrollable rate
52
Second polycythemia
- erthropoientin- induced adaptive mechanisms improves bloods oxygen carrying capacity in responce to prolonged reduced oxygen delivery - occurs normally in people living in high altitudes - sometimes called relative polycythemia
53
What are leukocytes
- mobile units of the bodies immune defence system - recognizes and destroys materials within the body that are foreign - colorless - larger than erythrocytes
54
Where do leukocytes originate from
- the same undifferential multipoint stem cells in the red bone marrow
55
where are granulocytes and monocytes produced
- only in the bone marrrow
56
most leukocytes are produced by
- lymphocytes already in the lymphoid tissues - EXAMPLE: lymph nodes and tonsils
57
Function of leukocytes
- defends against invading pathogens - identifies and destroys cancer cells that arise in the body - function as a "clean-up crew" that removes worn-out cells and tissue debris
58
Neurtrophils functions
- first defenders on the scene of bacterial invasion - very important in inflammatory responces - scavange to clean up debris
59
neurtrophilis release
- release web of extracellular fibers called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that contain bacteria killing chemical
60
Basophils
- least numerous and most poorly understood leukocyte - similar to mast cells - synthesize and store histamine and heparin
61
Histamine
- release in important allergic reactions
62
Heparin
- speeds up the removal of fat particles from the blood after a fatty meal - can also be uses to prevent clotting of blood samples (chemical analysis) - used extensively as an anticoagulant drug
63
Monocytes
- emerge from bone marrow while still immature and circulate for a day or two before settiling down in various tissues in the body
64
Mature and enlargement of monocytes is know as
0 macrophages
65
B lymphocyte
humoral immunity - produce antibodies - responsiable for antibody-mediated immunity
66
T lymphocytes
cell mediates immunity - do not produce antibodies - directly destroy specific target cells by releasing chemicals that punch holes in the cells victim - target cells include body cells invaded by viruses and cancer cells
67
Platelets
- cell fragments shed form megakaryocytic - lack nuclei - high concentrations of actin and myosin - have organelles and cystolic enzymes for generating energy and synthesizing secretary products
68
how long to platelets remain functional for
10 days
69
the blood contains approximelty ___ platelets
250 million
70
Thromboprotein
- a hormone produced by the liver - increases the number of megakaryotcytes (therefore increases platelet production)
71
Haemostasis
- prevents blood loss from a broken vessel
72
Causes of bleeding
- break in vessel - difference in pressure in the inside and outside of the blood vessel
73
3 major steps of haemostasis
1. vascular spasm 2. formation of a platelet plug 3. blood coagulation (clotting)
74
vascular spasm
- reduces blood flow through a damaged vessel
75
Formation of a Platelet plug
- platelets aggrulate on contact which exposes collagen in damaged vessel - platelets release ADP --> surface of nerby platelets become sticky and adhear to aggregated platelets
76
Blood coagulation
- transformation of blood from a liquid into a solid gel
77
role of a platelet plug
- actin and myosin complexes contract to compact and strenghten the loose plug - release powerful vasoconstrictors - release other chemical which enhance blood coagulation
78
Vasoconstrictors released for platelet plug
- seratonin NE - thromboxane A2
79
role of thrombin in clot formation
- converts fibrinogen to fibrin - activates factor XIII to stabilize fibrin mesh - acts as a positive-feedback fashion to facilitate its own formation - enhances aggregation for the clotting process
80
clotting cascade
- plasma clotting factor
81
how many steps are involved in the intrinsic clotting pathway
- involves seven separate steps
82
when is the intrinsic clotting pathway initiated
- set off when factor XII (hageman factor) is activated by coming into contact with exposed collagen in a injured vessel of foreign surface such as a glass test tube
83
how many steps are required in the extrinsic blood clotting pathway
- four
84
extrinsic blood clotting pathway
- requires contact with tissue factors external to the blood - tissue throbolastin is released from traumatized tissue directly actovates factor X
85
Clot retraction
- contraction of platelets shrinks fibrin mesh, squeezing fluid from the clot
86
Clot dissolution
- enzyme plasmin dissolves the clot
87
what is plasmin formed form
- plasminogen
88
what froms a scar
- fibroblast
89
vessel repair
- aggrevated platelets secrete a chemical that promotes the invasion of fibroblast from surrounding connective tissue
90
Cerebrovascular accident is also know as a
stroke
91
What is an cerebrovascular accident
- a abnormal or excessive clot formation within a blood vessel that can compromise blood flow to a vital organ
92
The bodys clotting and anicoagulant systems function in a _______________ manner
- check and balance manner