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HLST128: Physiology II > Chapter 11: The Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The blood represents ___ % of total body weight

A

8
- 5 liters in women
- 5.5 liters in men

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2
Q

Erythrocytes function

A

Red Blood Cells
- important in O2 and CO2 transport to body tissue

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3
Q

Leukocytes function

A

White Blood Cell
- immune systems mobile defence units
EXAMPLE: antibodies

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4
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets
- important in hemostasis (blood clotting)

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5
Q

Plasma represent __% of whole blood and its total weight

A

65

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6
Q

the buffy coat is made up of

A
  • platelets and leukocytes
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7
Q

the buffy coat makes up __% of the whole blood

A

1

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8
Q

Erythrocytes make up __% of whole blood

A

45

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9
Q

Eosinophilis function

A

Leukocyte
- attack parasitic worms; important in alergric reactions

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10
Q

Monocytes function

A

Leukocytes
- in transit to become tissue macrophages

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11
Q

types of lymphocytes

A
  • B Lymphocytes
  • T Lymphocytes
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12
Q

B lymphocytes function

A
  • produce antibodies
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13
Q

T lymphocytes function

A
  • cell mediated immune responses
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14
Q

hematocrit values in females

A

42%

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15
Q

hematocrit values in men

A

45%

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16
Q

average pl. volume in blood females

A

58%

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17
Q

average pl. volume in males

A

55%

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18
Q

Plasma composition

A
  • 90% water
  • 1% inorganic molecules
  • 6-8% plasma proteins
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19
Q

Albumins

A
  • most abundant
  • contribute to pl. colloid osmotic pressure
  • transport many poorly soluable substances in the plasma
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19
Q

three plasma proteins

A
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • Fibrinogens
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19
Q

Albumins examples

A
  • bilirubin
  • penicillin
  • bile salts
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20
Q

Globulins

A
  • exsists in three forms
  • three units bind and transport many substances, such as TH, iron, and cholerstrol in the plasma
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21
Q

Alpha and Beta globulins

A
  • transport many water- insoluble substances; clotting factors; inactive precursor molecules
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22
Q

Gamma Globulins

A
  • antibodies
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23
Q

Alpha golbulin

A
  • activates the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin - II to regulate salt-water balance in the body
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24
Q

Fibronogens

A
  • involved in clot formation
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25
Q

How many RBS’s are there

A

5 million

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26
Q

Erythrocyte structure

A
  • contain no nucleus, orgenelles, or ribosomes
  • flat, thin, disc-shaped, and slightly dented in the middle on both sides
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27
Q

Purpose of biconcave, flat, disc shape in Erythrocytes

A
  • provides larger surface area
  • thinnest promotes rapid O2 diffusion
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28
Q

Advantage of the flexiable membrane in RBC

A
  • allows RBC’s to travel through the narrow capillaries without rupturing in the process
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28
Q

Role of Hemoglobin

A
  • responsible for O2 and CO2 transportation
  • only found in RBC
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29
Q

Hemoglobin pigement contains

A

iron

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30
Q

hemoglobin pigment color

A
  • appears reddish when oxygenated
  • appears bluish when deoxygenated
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31
Q

What are the two parts of hemoglobin

A
  1. globin portion
  2. Heme groups
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32
Q

Globin portion

A
  • a protein composed of four highly folded polypeptide chains
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33
Q

Heme Groups

A
  • four iron containing non protein groups
  • each is bound to one of the polypeptides
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34
Q

How many Hb molecules does each erythrocyte contain

A

250 million

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35
Q

What does Hb transport

A
  • O2
  • CO2
  • acidic H- ions
    -CO
  • NO
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36
Q

what percent of the oxygen is transported through Hb

A

98.5

37
Q

purpose of NO in tissues

A
  • vasodilator to arterioles
  • helps stabilize blood pressure by vasodilation and vasoconstriction
38
Q

how many erythrocytes are contained in adult blood

A

25-30 trillion

39
Q

How long do RBC’s last

A

120 days
WHY?? - not enough energy, only lasts that amount of time

40
Q

what is the rate that RBC’s must be replaced at?

A
  • 2-3 million cells/second
41
Q

where do erythrocytes differentiate

A
  • red bone marrrow
42
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulate RBC production
  • synthetic version is avaliable
43
Q

Anemia

A
  • refers to a below than normal o2 carrying cpacity of the blood, characterized by low hematocrit
44
Q

Causes of Anemia

A
  • decreased rate of erythropoiesis
  • excessive loss of PBS
  • deficiency in Hb content of RBC
45
Q

Nutritional anemia

A
  • causes by iron deficient diet
    RBC are produced by contain less Hb than normal (they cannot transport as much o2)
46
Q

Why is iron needed?

A
  • essential for Hb production
47
Q

Pernicious anemia

A
  • failure to absorb B12
  • deficiency in intrinsic factor (stomach)
  • leads to the imparentment of RBC production and maturation
48
Q

hemolytic anemia (sickle-cell) casues

A
  • rupture of a excessive number of circulating RBC’s
  • defects in RBC or ruptured induced external factors (malaria parasites)
  • hereditary
  • defective type of Hb polymerizes
  • deformed RBCS clump (compromised blood flow)
  • rate of RBC rupture exceeded erythropoiesis
49
Q

Sickle cell disease effects (statistics)

A

1 in 650 people of african decent

50
Q

Polycythemia

A
  • characterized by too many circulating RBCs and elevated hematocrit
51
Q

Primary polycythemia

A
  • caused by the tumorlike condition of bone marrow
  • eryhtropoisesis proceeds at an uncontrollable rate
52
Q

Second polycythemia

A
  • erthropoientin- induced adaptive mechanisms improves bloods oxygen carrying capacity in responce to prolonged reduced oxygen delivery
  • occurs normally in people living in high altitudes
  • sometimes called relative polycythemia
53
Q

What are leukocytes

A
  • mobile units of the bodies immune defence system
  • recognizes and destroys materials within the body that are foreign
  • colorless
  • larger than erythrocytes
54
Q

Where do leukocytes originate from

A
  • the same undifferential multipoint stem cells in the red bone marrow
55
Q

where are granulocytes and monocytes produced

A
  • only in the bone marrrow
56
Q

most leukocytes are produced by

A
  • lymphocytes already in the lymphoid tissues
  • EXAMPLE: lymph nodes and tonsils
57
Q

Function of leukocytes

A
  • defends against invading pathogens
  • identifies and destroys cancer cells that arise in the body
  • function as a “clean-up crew” that removes worn-out cells and tissue debris
58
Q

Neurtrophils functions

A
  • first defenders on the scene of bacterial invasion
  • very important in inflammatory responces
  • scavange to clean up debris
59
Q

neurtrophilis release

A
  • release web of extracellular fibers called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that contain bacteria killing chemical
60
Q

Basophils

A
  • least numerous and most poorly understood leukocyte
  • similar to mast cells
  • synthesize and store histamine and heparin
61
Q

Histamine

A
  • release in important allergic reactions
62
Q

Heparin

A
  • speeds up the removal of fat particles from the blood after a fatty meal
  • can also be uses to prevent clotting of blood samples (chemical analysis)
  • used extensively as an anticoagulant drug
63
Q

Monocytes

A
  • emerge from bone marrow while still immature and circulate for a day or two before settiling down in various tissues in the body
64
Q

Mature and enlargement of monocytes is know as

A

0 macrophages

65
Q

B lymphocyte

A

humoral immunity
- produce antibodies
- responsiable for antibody-mediated immunity

66
Q

T lymphocytes

A

cell mediates immunity
- do not produce antibodies
- directly destroy specific target cells by releasing chemicals that punch holes in the cells victim
- target cells include body cells invaded by viruses and cancer cells

67
Q

Platelets

A
  • cell fragments shed form megakaryocytic
  • lack nuclei
  • high concentrations of actin and myosin
  • have organelles and cystolic enzymes for generating energy and synthesizing secretary products
68
Q

how long to platelets remain functional for

A

10 days

69
Q

the blood contains approximelty ___ platelets

A

250 million

70
Q

Thromboprotein

A
  • a hormone produced by the liver
  • increases the number of megakaryotcytes (therefore increases platelet production)
71
Q

Haemostasis

A
  • prevents blood loss from a broken vessel
72
Q

Causes of bleeding

A
  • break in vessel
  • difference in pressure in the inside and outside of the blood vessel
73
Q

3 major steps of haemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. formation of a platelet plug
  3. blood coagulation (clotting)
74
Q

vascular spasm

A
  • reduces blood flow through a damaged vessel
75
Q

Formation of a Platelet plug

A
  • platelets aggrulate on contact which exposes collagen in damaged vessel
  • platelets release ADP –> surface of nerby platelets become sticky and adhear to aggregated platelets
76
Q

Blood coagulation

A
  • transformation of blood from a liquid into a solid gel
77
Q

role of a platelet plug

A
  • actin and myosin complexes contract to compact and strenghten the loose plug
  • release powerful vasoconstrictors
  • release other chemical which enhance blood coagulation
78
Q

Vasoconstrictors released for platelet plug

A
  • seratonin NE
  • thromboxane A2
79
Q

role of thrombin in clot formation

A
  • converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  • activates factor XIII to stabilize fibrin mesh
  • acts as a positive-feedback fashion to facilitate its own formation
  • enhances aggregation for the clotting process
80
Q

clotting cascade

A
  • plasma clotting factor
81
Q

how many steps are involved in the intrinsic clotting pathway

A
  • involves seven separate steps
82
Q

when is the intrinsic clotting pathway initiated

A
  • set off when factor XII (hageman factor) is activated by coming into contact with exposed collagen in a injured vessel of foreign surface such as a glass test tube
83
Q

how many steps are required in the extrinsic blood clotting pathway

A
  • four
84
Q

extrinsic blood clotting pathway

A
  • requires contact with tissue factors external to the blood
  • tissue throbolastin is released from traumatized tissue directly actovates factor X
85
Q

Clot retraction

A
  • contraction of platelets shrinks fibrin mesh, squeezing fluid from the clot
86
Q

Clot dissolution

A
  • enzyme plasmin dissolves the clot
87
Q

what is plasmin formed form

A
  • plasminogen
88
Q

what froms a scar

A
  • fibroblast
89
Q

vessel repair

A
  • aggrevated platelets secrete a chemical that promotes the invasion of fibroblast from surrounding connective tissue
90
Q

Cerebrovascular accident is also know as a

A

stroke

91
Q

What is an cerebrovascular accident

A
  • a abnormal or excessive clot formation within a blood vessel that can compromise blood flow to a vital organ
92
Q

The bodys clotting and anicoagulant systems function in a _______________ manner

A
  • check and balance manner

HLST128: Physiology II (14 decks)

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