Ch. 4 + 18 Intercellular Communication & General Principles of Hormonal Communication Flashcards
1
Q
Intracellular control
A
- communication within cells of the body
2
Q
Example of intracellular communication
A
- synthesis of neurotransmitters need communication between rough ER, smooth ER, ribosomes, ect.
3
Q
Intercellular / Extracellular Control
A
- communication between the cells of the body
4
Q
Example of intercellular communication
A
release of ACTH during stress causes the release of cortisol
5
Q
intercellular communication is also known as
A
extracellular communication
6
Q
types of intercellular communication
A
- direct
- indirect
7
Q
direct intercellular communication
A
- Gap junctions
8
Q
Indirect Intercellular (between -extra -) chemical messangers
A
- paracrine
- neurotransmitter secretion
- hormonal secretion
- neurohormone secretion
9
Q
Example of intercellular communication through gap junctions
A
- phagocytes recognize and destroy bacteria and invaders (phagocytosis)
- antibodies “marked” bacteria as foreigners to destroy them (Antigen-antibody interaction)
10
Q
Intercellular communication through gap junctions does not involve
A
ECF
11
Q
Intercellular communication through Gap junction is achieved through
A
signalling molecules on the surface of the cells
- posses identifying markers on cell membranes
12
Q
Intercellular communication through Gap junctions is an ________ way of communication
A
intimate
13
Q
Process of indirect intercellular communication
A
stimuli –> specific cells of the body –> sp. chemicals –> ECF –> Sp. chemical possess ligand –> bind/ interact with receptors on the target cell –> responce
14
Q
Paracrine signals
A
- local chemical messenger exerts their effects on the nighboring cells in an immediate environment
15
Q
Paracrine signals are spread through
A
diffusion and act at a short distance
16
Q
Paracrine signals acts
A
at a short distance
17
Q
do Paracrine signals enter the blood
A
no
18
Q
Example of paracrine signal
A
Histamine
- causes vasodilation of the neighbouring blood vessels
19
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
short range chemical messangers
- diffuse across narrow space to act locally on adjoining target cells
20
Q
process of neurotransmitters
A
electrical signal –> nerve cell –> neurotransmitter –> ECF –> affects adjoining target cells (muscle, gland or neuron)
21
Q
neurotransmitters are _____ range chemical messangers
A
short range
22
Q
what are the short range chemical messangers
A
- paracrine signals
- neurotransmitters
23
Q
hormones are _____ range chemical messangers
A
long
24
Q
Hormones are secreted into the blood by
A
endocrine glands in response to an appropriate signal
25
Examples of hormones
GH only binds to muscles and bones in the body
26
Hormones effect
a specific target cell
27
Hormone secretion process
signal / stimuli --> endocrine gland --> hormone --> blood --> target gland --> receptors --> response
28
Neurohormones are released into the blood by
neurosecretory neurons
29
Examples of neurohormones
- ADH
- oxytocin
30
signal transduction
31
Process of chemical messangers action on target cells
endocrine cells --> first (extracellular) chemical messanger --> blood --> target cells --> receptors--> responds by:
1. closing / opening specific channels in the membrane
2. Second messangers (turn on biochemical events in cells
32
examples of second messangers
1. cAMP
2. Ca 2+ - PIP2
3. cGMP
33
First messangers
- extracellular chemical messanger binds to receptor
- open of close the specific channels to regulate the movement of a particular ion in and out of the cell
OR
- transfer extracellular messenger to the second messenger
34
G protein is known as
a middle man
35
Example of cyclic AMP second messenger system
synthesis of estrogen in the ovary by Luteinizing hormone
36
Functions of cAMP
- modification of heart rate
- formation of female sex hormone in the ovaries
- breakdown of stored glucose in the liver
- reception of a sweet taste by a taste bud
- conservation of water during urine formation
37
cGMP serves a a second messanger in a system _________ to the cAMP system
analogous
38
Example of cGMP
- the signal transduction pathway involved in vision
39
aldostrone
- regulates metabolism, h2o, and electrolyte balance by acting on the kidneys
40
cortisol
helps the body cope in stressful situations
41
GH
promotes growth and development
42
FSH and LH
controls reproduction
43
erythropoiethin
regulates blood cell production
44
Gastrin, CCK
digestion and absorption of food in GI
45
peptides and protein hormones are made up of
amino acids
46
Hormones secreted by which 10 glands are peptide
1. hypothalmus
2. ant. and post. pituitary
3. pancrease
4. parathyroid
5. GI
6. kidneys
7. liver
8. thryroid
9. heart
10. thymus
47
ACTH stimulates
the adrenal glands
48
MSH stimulates
melanocytes
49
Once stimulated by ACTH the adrenal glands release
cortisol
50
what are melanocytes responsible for
skin color
51
b-Endorphin
- analgesic
- pain releif
52
Pre-promelanocortin hormones
- ACTH
- MSH
-B-Endorphin
53
Steriod hormones includes hormones secreted by the
- adrenal cortex
- gonads
- placenta
54
Steriod hormones are derivatives of
cholesterol
55
are steriod hormones stored in the cell
no they are released immediatly into the blood
56
Steriod hormones undergo _________ in the blood or in other organs
interconversion
57
example of interconversion
progesterone becomes cortisol and aldosterone
58
exampels of hormones deprived from cholesterol
- progesterone
- dehydroepiandrosterone
59
dehydroepiandrosterone id a precursor for
- testosterone
- estradiol
60
Amines / catecholamines are deprived from
the amino acid tyrosine
61
Amines / Catecholamines include hormones secreted by
the thyroid and adrenal medulla
62
Are enzyme sythesizing Amines / Catecholamines located
in cell organelles
63
peptides solubility
hydrophilic
64
Catecholamines solubility
hydrophilic
65
thyroid hormones solubility
lipophilic
66
steroid hormones solubility
lipophilic
67
peptide hormones structure
chains of specific amino acids
68
Catecholamines structure
tryosine derivative
69
thyroid hormone structure
iodinated tryosine derivative
70
steriod hormone structure
cholesterole derivaitive
71
peptides synthesis
- in rough ER; packaged in the golgi complex
72
catecholamines synthesis
in cytosol
73
thyroid hormone synthesis
in colloid, and inland extracellular site
74
steriods synthesis
stepwise modification of cholesterol molecule in various intracellular compartments
75
peptide storage
large amounts in secretory granules
76
catecholaminesstorage
in chromaffin granules
77
thyroid hormones storage
in colloid
78
steriod hormones storage
not stored; cholesterol precursor stored in lipid droplets
79
peptides secretion
exocytosis of granules
80
catecholamines secretion
exocytosis of granules
81
thyroid hormone secretion
endocytosis of colloid
82
steroid hormone secretion
simple diffusion
83
how are peptides transported in the blood
as a free hormone
84
how are catecholamines transported in the blood
half bound to plasma proteins
85
how are thyroid hormones transported in the blood
mostly bound to plasma proteins
86
how are steriods transported in the blood
mostly bound to plasma proteins
87
peptides receptor sites are located
surface of the target cell
88
catecholamine receptor sites are located
surface of the target cell
89
thyroid hormone receptor site is located
inside the target cell
90
steriod receptor site is located
inside target cell
91
peptides mechanisms of action
- channel changes or activation of second messanger system to alter the acitivy of target proteins that produce the effect
92
catecholamine mechanisms of action
activation of second messanger system to alter activity of target proteins that produce the effect
93
thryroid hormone mechanisms of action
activation of a specific genes to make new proteins that produce the effect
94
steriod mechanisms of action
activation of specific genes to make new proteins to produce the effects
95
peptides hormones of this type
majority of hormones
96
catecholamine hormones of this type
only hormones from the adrenal medulla
97
98
thyroid hormone of this type
only hormones from the thyroid follicular cells
99
steriod hormones of this type
hormones from the adrenal cortex and gonads
100
What are the three ways hormes can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell
1. permissiveness
2. synergism
3. antagonism
101
permissivness
- one hormone must be present in adequate amounts
- one hormone enhances the reponsiveness of another hormone at the target gland
102
example of permissiveness
thyroid hormone increases receptors for epinephrines target cells (cardiac muscle cells)
103
Synergism
- actions of more than one hormone are COMPLEMENTARY
- combined effect is greater than the sum of theri seperate effects
104
synergism example
- FSH and testosterone on testes are required to maintain sperm production
105
Antagonsim
- one hormone causes th eloss of another hormones receptors, reducing the effectiveness of the second hormone
106
Antagonism example
progesterone inhibits the action of estrogen (reducing the receptors) on uterine muscles to prevent miscarriage during pregnancy
107
plasma concentration of active hormone depends on
- hormones rate of secretion into the blood by endocrine glands
- extent it binds to plasma proteins
- rate of removal from the blood by inactivation or excretion
- avaliability and sensativity of target cell's receptors for the hormone
108
inputs that control homrone secretion
- plasma concentration of active hormone
- bu other hormones (negative feedback)
- neuronal control (ANS)
109
Dinural Rhythm
- time of day effects the amount of hormone synthesized
110
What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
- ACTH
- TSH
- GH
- PRL
- LH & FSH
111
what are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
- Vasporessin / ADH
- Oxytocin
112
the hypothalmus is known as the
neural control center
113
where are ADH and oxytocin made
hypothalmus
114
the anterior pituitary gland
directly synthesiszes hormone
115
the posterior pituitary gland
store hormones
116
what are is the target cells of hormones secreted by the hyopthalmus
anterior pituitary
117
what are the functions of the hormones released by the hypothalamus
controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones
118
what is the target cells of vasopressin
- kidney tubules
- arterioles
119
function of vasopressin
increases h2o reabsorption (kindneys)
produces vasoconstriction (arterioles)
120
what are the target cells of oxytocin
- uterus
- mammary glands
121
what are the function of oxytocin
- increases contractility (uterus)
- causes mild ejection (mammary glands)
122
TSH target cell
thryroid follicular cells
123
function of TSH
stimulates T3 and T4 secretion
124
ACTH target cell
adernal cortex
125
ACTH function
- stimulates cortisol secretion
126
GH target tissue
- bone; soft tissues
- liver
127
GH function
- stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
- metabolic effects (protein anabolism, fat mobilization, and glucose conservation)
- stimulates somatomedin secretion
128
FSH target cell in females
ovarian follicles
129
FSH target cell in males
seminiferous tubules in testes
130
FSH function in females
promotes follicular growth and development
- stimulates estrogen secretion
131
FSH function in males
stimulates sperm production
132
LH target cell in females
ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
133
target cells in males
intersticial cells in testes
134
LH function in females
stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development, and estrogen and progesterone secretion
135
LH function in males
stimulates testosterone secretion
136
Prolactin target cell
mammary glands
137
prolactin function
- promotes breast development
- stimulates milk secretion
138
melatonin target cell
brain; anterior pituitary; reproductive organs; immune system
139
melatonin functions
bodys biological rhythm
- inhibits gonadotropins
140
where is melatonin secreted by
pineal gland
141
what does the thyroid gland secrete
T4 and T3
142
T3 and T4 target cell
most cells
143
T3 and T4 function
increases the metabolic rate
- essential for normal growth and development
144
Thyroid cell C cells secrete
calcitonin
145
calcintoin target cell
bone
146
function of calcitonin
decreases plasma CA2+ concentration
147
Adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) secretes
aldosterone
148
aldosterone target cell
kidney tubules
149
aldosterone function
increases NA+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
150
Adrenal cortex (zona faciculata and zona reticularis) secretes
cortisol
androgens
151
cortisol target cell
most cells
152
cortisol function
increases blood glucose at the expense of protein and fat stores; contributes to stress adaption
153
androgens target cells in females
bone and brain
154
androgen function in females
- prubertal growth spurt and sex drive in females
155
the adrenal medualla secretes
epinephrine and noreepinephrine
156
epinephrine and norepinerprine target cells
sympathetic receptor sites throughout the body
157
epineprine and norepinerine function
- reinforces sympathic nervous system
- contributes to stress adaptation and blood rpessure regulation
158
what hormones does the pancrease (ilslets of langerhans) secrete
- Insulin (b cells)
- Glucagon (a cells)
- somatostatin (D cells)
159
insulin target cells
most cells
160
glucagon target cells
most cells
161
insulin function
- promotes cellular uptake, use and storage of absorbed nutrients
- stores glucose as glycogen in the liver
162
glucagon fuction
- important in maintaining nutrient levels in blood during postabsorption state
163
Somatostatin target cell
digestive cells
pancretic islet cells
164
somatostatin
- inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients
- inhibits secretion of all pancretic hormones
165
PTH target cell
bone, kidneys, intestine
166
PTH function
increases CA2+ concentration
167
estrogen function
- promotes follicular development; governs development of secondary sexual characteristics; stimulates uterine and breast growth
- promotes closure of epiphyseal plate
168
estrogen target cells
- female sex organs
- bone
169
progesterone target cell
uterus
170
progesterone function
prepares for pregnacy
171
testosterone target cell
male sex organ
bone
172
testosterone function
- stimulates sperm production; governs developmetn of secondary sex characteristics; promotes sex drive
- enhances pubertal spurt; promotes closure of epiphyseal plate
173
inhin target cell
anterior pituitary
174
inhibin is secreted by
ovaries and testes
175
inhibin fuction
inhibits secretion of follicle stimulating hormone
176
renin stimulates
aldosterone secretion
177
renin target cell
adrenal cortex
178
what hormones does the kidneys secrete
renin
erythropoietin
179
erythropoietin target cell
bone marrow
180
erythropoietin function
stimulate RBC production
181
thymosin is secreted by
thymus
182
thymosin target cell
t lymphocytes
183
thymosin function
enhances T lymphocyte proliferation and function
184
how to identify is a hormone is relased from the hypothalmus
releasing hormone
185
how to identify is a hormone is relased by the anterior pituitary gland
stimulating hormone
186
synthesis of peptide hormones
preprohormone systhesized by golgi, RER, SER released into the blood -->then becomes prohormone (activated hormone) when secreted into the blood
187
how many hypophysiotropic hormones are there
7
188
hypophysiotropic hormones
- control if the secretion of each pituitary hormone is stimulated or inhibited
189
TRH
sitmulates the release of TSH and prolactin
190
CRH
stimulates the release of ACTH
191
GnRH
stimulates the release of FSH and LH
192
GHRH
stimulates release of growth hormone
193
GHIH
inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
194
PRH
stimulates the release of prolactin
195
PIH
inhibits release of prolactin
