Ch.12 Body Defences Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 functions of the immune system
A
- eliminate potentially harmful substances
- eliminate abnormal and cancerous / mutant cels originally in the body
- eliminates foreign / non-self substances
- eliminates worn out RBC’s, tissue debris and invading pathogens
- allergic responces
2
Q
what are the malfunction of the immune system
A
- allergies
- autoimmune diseases
3
Q
Example of autoimmune diesease
A
- Rhematoid arthristis
- MS
- Diabetes mellitus
4
Q
inate defences respond
A
rapidly
5
Q
Inate defences function
A
- non specifically defends agains foreign invaders
- inherited / built in defences
6
Q
what is used to distiguish invaders as foreign
A
TLR’s
7
Q
cells of the inate immune system
A
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- basophils
- natural killers
8
Q
types of inate defences
A
- chemical
- physical
9
Q
Chemical defences are also called
A
internal defences
10
Q
types of internal defences
A
- interferon
- complement system
- inflammation
- natural killer cells
11
Q
interferon
A
- non specifically defend against viral infection
12
Q
complement system
A
- complements the actions of antibodies to kill foreign cells by forming membrane attack complexes (MAC)
13
Q
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
A
- non specifically lyse and destroy virally / cancer infected host cells
14
Q
purpose of INF
A
- acts as a wistle blower to warn neighboring cells
15
Q
Interferon cells process
A
- virally infected cells relases INF into the ECF which triggers the production of virally blocking enzymes in healthy cells to:
- breakdown viral mRNA
- inhibit protein synthesis in host / healthy cells
16
Q
Function of interferon cells
A
- breakdown viral mRNA
- inhibit protein syntheisi in host/ health cells
17
Q
3 other functions of Interferon
A
- enhances phagocytic activity and antibody production
- enhances NK and T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T cells
- slows cell division and suppress tumor growth
18
Q
the complement system activiates when
A
- it is exposed to CHO chains on the surface of a microorganism
19
Q
the invaders directly _______ the invaders
A
lyse
20
Q
How is MAC formed? (process)
A
- complements (c1 –> plasma protein inactive form)
- activates c2, c5, c9
- components c5-c9 asseble to form MAC
21
Q
components _________ assemble to form MAC
A
C5-C9
22
Q
how do MACS destroy pathogens
A
- punch holes in the victim surface membrane
- membrane becomes leaky and causes entry of water through Osmosis
- causes the cell to burst
23
Q
what is inflammation
(3points)
A
- the non specific immune response to foreign material or tissue damage
- is an essential inate responce to microbial invasion
- attracts phagocytes and plasma proteins to an invaded or injured area
24
Q
phagocytes purpose in inflammation (3 points)
A
- isolate, destroy, or inactivate the invaders
- remove debris
- prepare fro sequential sequence and repair
25
sequence of inflammation
defence by resident tissue macrophages --> localized vasodilation --> increased capillary permeability -->localized edema --> walking off inflammed area -->emigiration of leukocytes --> leukocyte proliferation --> markingof destruction of the by Opsin -->leukocyte destruction of cell -->mediation of inflammatory responce by phagocyte secreting chemical --> tissue repair
26
what is the first step in the inflammation sequence
defence by resident tissue macrophages
27
defence by resident tissue macrophages
- stationary but become mobile units and migrate to invaded tissue --> phagocytose foreign microbes when entering through the skin
28
what is the second step in the sequence of inflammation
localized vasodialtion
29
localized vasodilation
bacterial invasion at the injured site --> attracts most cells --> release histamine --> enhances arteriolar dilation --> attracts more leukocytes and plasma proteins
30
what is the third step in the inflammation sequence
increase capillary permeability
31
Increased capillary permeability
- mast cells at the injured site relase histamine --> enlarges capillary pores (increases capillaries) --> allows leakage of proteins from the blood to enter the inflamed area
32
what is the fourth step in the inflammation sequence
localized edema
33
localized edema
- accumulation of plasma proteins in intersticial fluid elevates the local intersticial fluid colloid osmotic pressure ---> causes edema ---> causes symptoms of inflammation
34
what does an increased interstical fluid colloid osmotic pressure do
- moves fluid out of the capillay and accumulates at the injured area
35
edema is
swelling
36
what are the symptoms of inflammation (4)
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
37
what is the redness caused by
- increased arteriolar vasodilation
- increased blood delivery
38
heat is caused by
- increased arteriolar vasodilation
- increased blood delivery
39
swelling is casued by
- increase local capillary permuability
- increased fluid
40
what is pain caused by
- increased local capillary permeability
- - increased fluids; increased prostaglandin
41
what do prostaglandin do
- causes attraction of more plasma proteins
42
what is the fifth step in the inflammation sequence
walling off the inflammed area
43
walling off the inflammed area
- leaked plasma proteins thromboplastin- thrombin and converts fibrogen to fibrin --> this forms a clot around the bacterial invader and damaged tissues
44
purpose of walling off
- prevents spread
45
what is the sixth step in the inflammation process
emigration of leukocytes
46
what are the three step in emigigration of leukocytes
1. margination
2. dipedsis
3. chemotaxis
47
margination
- inflammation atraacts neutrophils and monocytes --> attatch to the inner endothelial lining
48
how long does it take for neutrophils to come to the inflmmed area
1 hour
49
how long does it take monocytes to come to the inflamed area
8 - 12 hrs
50
adhered leukocytes leave capillaries through
diapedsis
51
what chemical mediators do inflammed tissues release
chemokins
52
how do chemokine attack phagocytic cells
chemotaxis
53
chemotaxis
- chemokines bind with receptors on plasma membrane
- phagocytic cells increases calcium into the cell
54
role of calcium in inflammation
- switches cellular contractile apparatus to lead the crawling of phagocytic cells towards the inflammed tissue
55
what is the 7th step in the sequence of inflammation
leukocyte proliferation
56
leukocyte proliferation
- inflammed tissue releases chemical mediators -- causes bone marrow to proliferate -- large numberof neutrophils, monocytes, and macropages to eliminate invaders and heal tissues
57
what is the 8 step in the sequence of inflammation
marking of bacteria for destruction by opsinin
58
marking of bacteria for destruction by opsinin
opsin c3-b attatch to TLR's on phagocytes --> increases phagocytosis by linking foreign cells to a phagoctic cell
59
where is opsin c3-b produced
by the liver
60
what is the ninth step in the inflammation sequence
leukocyte destruction of the cell
61
leukocyte destruction of the cell
- macrophages and neutrophils release enzymes (lysozomes) to break down and phagocytose the trapped bacteria --> forms pus
62
what is pus
- a collection of dead macrophages, cellular debris, lysozomal phagocytes, and bacteria
63
what is trhe tenth step in the inflammation sequence
mediation of the inflammatory responce by phagocyte secreting chemicals
64
mediation of inflammatory responce
- microbe stimulatatinf phagocytes release chemicals / chemokines, which stimulates mediate inflammatory responces
65
mediate inflammatory responces include
- immune activities
- local responces to systemic manifestation
- microbal invasion
66
what is the purpose of LEM
- prevent bacterial multiplication
- stimulates acute phase proteins
67
in which step is LEM secreted
10th
68
acute phase proteins include
- interlukin 1 (IL-1)
-- endogenous pyrogens (fever)
69
what is Il-1 secreted by
activated macrophages
70
interlukin 1 functions
- proliferation and differentation of the T and B lymphocytes for
- antibody production
- cell mediated immunity
71
what is the purpose of an increased temperature in the inflammatory responce
- high temperature interferes with bacterial multiplication
72
when endogenous pyrogens are secreted into the blood it stimulates
prostiglandins
73
prostiglandins reach the __________ and stimulate the _______
- hypothalamus
- thermostat
74
what is the eleventh step in the inflamation sequence
tissue repair
75
tissue repair
- fibroblast rapidly divide and secrete large amount of collagen to fill vacated region
76
physical defences are also called
external defences
77
what are the two classes of adaptive immunity
- antibody mediated immunity
- cell mediated immunity
78
antibody mediated immunity is also called
humeral immunity
79
antibody mediated immunity involved the productions of _________
antibodies
80
humeral immunity involves ____ lymphocytes
b
81
B lymphocyte derivatives are known as
plasma proteins
82
purpose of B cells
- recognize and respond to bacteria
- "eye" of the adpative immune system
83
where do B lymphocytes originate
- the red bone marrow
84
plasma cells produce and secrete
ImG antibodies
85
when are plamsa cells formed
on intitial contact with antigen
86
purpose of plasma cells
- antibody combines with antigen and marks for destruction
87
memory cells can be induced by ________ or ________
- disease
- vaccination
88
purpose of memeory cells
- provide quicker, more potent, quicker, longer lasting response when faced with the same antigen
89
macrophages are also called
antigen presenting cells (APC)
90
what are antigens
- surface protein molecules that marks microbe as a "foreigner"
91
antigens stimulates b cells to
- proliferate and differnetiate into plasma proteins to produce antibodies
92
self antigens cause
- autoimmune diseases
93
what arepurpose of antibodies
- neutralize and aggultinate antigen-antibody complexes and bacterial toxins
94
antibodies are synthesisized by
- plasma proteins in responce to an antigen / foreign material
95
what shape are antibodies
y shaped
96
antibodies are coposed of
- four inter-linked polypeptide chains
97
the tails of antibodies are
- fucntional properties
- the tails are the same in each subclass
98
IgM
- serve as b cell surface recpetor for antigen attatchment
- secreted in the early stages of plasma celll responce
99
IgG
- most abundant
- produced when exposed to the same antigen
- enchances phagocytosis
100
IgE
- protects against parasitic worms
- immune mediator for common allergic reactions
101
IgA is found in
- found in secretion of digestive, respitory and genitourinary stytem, milk, and tears
102
IgD
- prensent on the surface of many B cells
- function is uncertain
103
what antibodies are responsible for most specific immune responses
- IgM
- IgG
104
what are the tree steps in antibody neutralization / aggulation
- aggualtion
- precipitation
- neutralization
105
agglutination
- foreign cells or mismatched tranfused RBC's bind together as a clump
106
precipitation
- antigen-antibody complexes invlove soluable antigens (tenus toxins), lattices / chains become large and precipitate out of the solution
107
what is an example of a soluable antigen
tetnus toxins
108
neutralization
- prevent toxins from entering neighboring cells
- prevent some antigens from excreting their dentrmental effects
109
antigen - antibody complexes
- binding cross links numerous antigens into chains / lattices
