Chapter 7 Flashcards
Appendicular skeleton
The limbs, including the bones of the shoulders, upper extremities, hip, and lower extremities.
Axial Skeleton
Central bony structure of the body. It consists of the bones of the head, associated bones of the head and neck, the chest, and the spine.
Bones
The framework on which the body is built. The 206 individual pieces of the skeleton. Bone is known as osseous tissue. Bony and o steal are also adjectives for bone.
Musculoskeletal system
The combined systems of the muscles and bones. The bones provide structural support for the body and work in conjunction with the muscles to maintain body posture and produce movement.
Skeletal system
Body system that consists of all the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints in the body. It provides structural support and protection for soft tissues and internal organs.
It is a storage site for calcium and phosphorus. the red bone marrow is the site of blood cell production.
Skeleton
Bony framework of the body that consists of 206 bones.
Coronal suture
Immovable joint on top of the cranium, extending from one side to the other, where the frontal bone and the parietal bones meet.
Cranium
Dome-like bone at the top of the skull that contains the cranial cavity with the brain and other structures.
Ethmoid bone
Bone that forms the posterior nasal septum and the medial walls of the eye sockets. The superior and medial conchae of the ethmoid bone are bony projections within the nasal cavity. The ethmoid bone contains many small, hollow air spaces of the ethmoid sinus.
Fontanel
“Soft Spot” on a baby’s head where the cranial sutures are still open and there is only fibrous connective tissue.
Foramen magnum
Large hole in the occipital bone. The spinal cord goes through it to join with the brain.
Frontal Bone
Bone that forms the forehead and top of the cranium and ends at the coronal suture. It contains the hollow cavities of the frontal sinuses.
Occipital bone
Bone that forms the posterior base of the cranium. It contains the large opening of the foramen magnum.
Parietal bones
Bones that form the superior sides and posterior part of the cranium. They join at the sagittal suture.
Skull
Bony structure of the head that includes the cranium and facial bones
Sphenoid bone
Large, irregularly shaped bone that forms the central base and sides of the cranium and the posterior walls of the eye sockets.
It contains the hollow cavities of the sphenoid sinuses. A bony cup in the sphenoid bone holds the pituitary gland.
Suture
Type of join where one cranial bone meets another. It is an immovable joint that contains no cartilage.
Temporal bones
Bones that form the inferior sides of the cranium. Each temporal bone has a bony opening for the external ear canal and contains the hollow cavity of the middle ear.
Bony landmarks include the mastoid process behind the ear and the pointed style I’d process, a site of attachment for ligaments to the hyoid bone.
Inferior nasal conchae
Facial bones that project inwardly from the side of the nasal cavity.
Lacrimal bones
Facial bones within the eye socket. They are small, flat bones near the lacrimal glands (of the eyes that produce tears)
Mandible
Facial bone that is the lower jaw bone and contains the roots of the lower teeth. It is the only movable bone in the skull. Together with the temporal bone, the movable mandible forms the temporomandibular joint located just anterior to the ear.
Maxilla
Facial bone that is the upper jaw bone. It contains the roots of the upper teeth and the hollow cavities of the maxillary sinuses. The maxilla consists of two fused maxillary bones.
Nasal bones
Facial bones that form the bridge of the nose and the roof of the nasal cavity
Palatine bones
Facial bones that are small and flat and join in the midline to form the hard palate in the oral cavity.
Vomer
Facial bone that is the most inferior part of the nasal septum and continues posterior lymph to join the sphenoid bone.
Zygoma
Facial bone that is a cheekbone and goes to the edge of the eye socket. Also known as the zygomatic bone.
Hyoid bone
Flat, U-shaped bone in the anterior neck. It is attached by ligaments to the styloid process of each temporal bone.
The tendons of several muscles in the mouth and neck are attached dot the hyoid bone.
Ossicles
Three tiny bones in the middle ear cavity (malleus, incus, stapes) that function in the process of hearing. Collectively, they are the ossicular chain.
Costal Cartilage
Firm, but flexible connective tissue that joins the ribs to the sternum at the costochondral joint.
Ribs
Twelve pairs of bones that form the sides of the rib cage. There are true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
The area between two ribs is the intercostal space.
Sternum
Vertical bone in the center of the anterior rib cage. Also known as the breastbone. The manubrium is the triangular-shaped, superior part of the sternum, while the diploid process is the inferior tip.
Thoracic cavity
Area within the rib cage that contains the heart, lungs, and other structures.
Thorax
Area between the neck and the diaphragm.
The wall of the thorax is the rib cage.
Cervical vertebrae
Vertebrae C1-C7 of the vertebral column in the neck. C1 is the atlas; C2 is the axis.
Coccyx
Group of several small, fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum.
Also known as the tailbone
Foramen
Hole in each vertebrae where the spinal cord goes through
Intervertebral disk
Disk between two vertebrae. It consists of an outer wall of fibrocartilage and an inner gelatinous substance, the nucleus purposes, that acts as a cushion.
Sacrum
Group of five fused vertebrae interior to the lumbar vertebrae. The first one is S1, but the others are not numbered.
Spine
Bony column of vertebrae that supports the weight of the head, neck, and trunk of the body and protects the spinal cord.
Also known as the vertebral column, spinal column, or back bone.
It is divided into five regions: cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumber vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx.
Thoracic Vertebrae
Vertebrae T1-T12 of the vertebral column in the are of the chest. Each vertebrae joins with one pair of ribs.
Vertebrae
Bony structure in the spine. Most vertebrae have a vertebral body (flat, circular area), spinous process (bony projection along the mid back), two transverse processes (bony projections to each side), and a foramen (hole where the spinal cord passes through).
Clavicle
This, rod-like bone on each side of the anterior neck. It connects to the manubrium of the sternum and the Afro ion of the scapular.
AKA collarbone
Glenoid fossa
Shallow depression in the scapula where the head of the humerus joins the scapula to make the shoulder joint.
Scapula
Triangular-shaped bone in the upper back on each side of the spine.
Also known as the should blade.
It contains the acromion, a flat, bony projection that connects to the clavicle.
Carpal bones
The eight small bones of the wrist joint. They connect the radius and ulna to the metacarpal bones.
Humerus
Long bone of the upper arm. The head of the humerus fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. The distal end connects to the radius and ulna of the forearm.
Metacarpal bones
The five bones of the hand, one corresponding to each finger.
They connect the carpal bones to the phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP).
Phalanx
Each of the individual bones of a finger. The distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) is between the last two phalanges. A finger or toes is a digit.
Radius
Forearm bone located along the thumb side of the lower arm.
Its proximal end connects to the humerus. At its distal end, it connects to the carpal bones.
Ulna
Forearm bone located along the little finger side of the lower arm.
It’s proximal end connects to the humerus. The olecranon (point of the elbow) is a large, square, bony projection on the proximal ulna.
At its distal end, it connects to the carpal bones
Acetabulum
Cup-shaped, deep socket of the hip joint that is made up of the bones of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
The head of the femur fits into the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
Ilium
Most superior hip bone. It has a broad, flaring iliac crest.
Posteriorly, each ilium joins the sacrum.
Ischium
Most inferior hip bone. Each ischium is one of the “seat bones”
Pelvis
The hip bones as well as the sacrum and coccyx of the vertebral column.
Pubis
Small bridge-like bone that is the most anterior hip bone. The pubic symphysis is a nearly immobile joint that has a cartilage pad between the two pubic bones.
Calcaneus
largest of the ankle bones.
AKA known as the heel bone
Femur
Long, weight-bearing bone of the upper leg.
AKA known as the thigh bone.
The head of the femur fits into the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
It’s distal end connects to the tibia.
Fibula
Thin bone on the lateral (little toe side) of the lower leg.
It’s proximal end connects to the tibia. At its distal end is the bony prominence of the lateral maleolus.
Hallux
The great toe
Malleolus
Bony projection of the distal tibia (medial malleolus) or the distal fibula (lateral malleolus).
Often mistakenly called the ankle bones.
Metatarsal bones
The five bones of the midfoot, one corresponding to each toe. They connect the ankle bones to the phalanges.
Patella
Thick, round bone anterior to the knee joint. Also known as the kneecap.
Phalanx
Each of the individual bones of a toe. A toe is a digit.
Tarsal bones
The seven bones of the ankle joint. The first is the talus; the largest is the calcaneus.
Tibia
Long, weight-bearing bone on the medial (great toe) side of the lower leg.
It’s proximal end connects to the femur. At its distal end is the bony prominence of the medial malleolus. It’s distal end connects to the metatarsal bones.
AKA as the shin bone.
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone in the epiphyses of long bones. It’s spaces are filled with red bone marrow that produces stem cells that mature to become all types of blood cells.
Cancellous bone is also found in the skull, clavicles, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and each ilium.
Cortical bone
Dense, compact, weight-bearing bone inside the shaft of a long bone.
Diaphysis
The straight shaft of a long bone, such as the humerus or femur.
Epiphysis
Widened ends of a long bone that contain cancellous bone filled with red bone marrow. The epiphyseal plate is where bone growth takes place.
Foramen
Small opening in the bone where a blood vessel goes through to the bone marrow.
Medullary cavity
Cavity within the shaft of a long bone. It contains yellow bone marrow (fatty tissue).
Osseous tissue
Bone a type of connective tissue.
Periosteum
Thick, fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone
Cartilage
Densely packed collagen fibers that do not contain blood vessels. Articulate cartilage covers the bone ends in a synovial joint. A meniscus is a cartilage pad in some synovial joints.
Joint
Area where two bones come together.
AKA articulation.
There are three types of joints: suture, symphysis, and synovial.
Ligament
Fibrous band that holds two bone ends together in a synovial joint
Meniscus
Crescent-shaped cartilage pad found in some synovial joints, such as the knee joint.
Suture joint
Immovable joint that contains no cartilage, such as the joint between the cranial bones and most of the facial bones
Symphysis joint
Slightly movable joint that contains a cartilage pad or disk between the bones, such as the joint between the two pubic bones (the pubic symphysis) and between the vertebrae
Synovial joint
Fully movable joint that contains two bones whose ends are covered with articulated cartilage. There are two types : hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints.
Ligaments hold the bone ends together. The joint is encased in a joint capsule that is lined with a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
Ossification
Process by which cartilage is gradually replaced with bone from childhood through adolescence.
Osteoblasts
Bone cell that builds a protein matrix and stimulates calcium salts to deposit there to build new bone.
Osteoclasts
Bone cell that secretes acid and enzymes to break down and dissolve areas of old or damaged bone.
Osteocytes
Bone cell that maintains and monitors the mineral content (calcium, phosphorus) of bone.
Osteogenesis
Process of new bone being built on a protein matrix with deposits of calcium salts.
This forms around an osteoblast that then becomes an osteocyte within the new, permanent bone.
Avascular necrosis
Death of cells in the epiphysis of a long bone, often in the femur. This is caused by an injury, fracture, or dislocation that damages nearby blood vessels or by a blood clot that interrupts the blood supply to the bone.
Bone tumor
A bone tumor can be benign or cancerous
Osteoma
Benign tumor of the bone.
Osteosarcoma
Cancerous bone tumor in which osteoblasts, the cells that form new bone, multiply uncontrollably.
AKA osteogenic sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Cancerous bone tumor that occurs mainly in young men.
Chondroma
Benign tumor of the cartilage
Chondromalacia patellar
Abnormal so venting of the patella because of thinning and uneven wear.
The thigh muscle pulls the patella in a twisted path that wears away the underside of the bone.
Fracture (FX, Fx)
Broken bone due to an accident, an injury, or a disease. Some fractures are categoraized according to how the bone breaks.
Stress fractures
Caused by force or torsion during an accident or sports activity
Pathologic fracture
Caused by a disease process such as osteoporosis, bone cancer, or metastasis to the bone.
Malalignment
Fractures that are allowed to heal without treatment often show malunion or malalignment of the fracture fragments.
Closed fracture
Broken bone does not break through the overlying skin.
Open fracture
Broken bone breaks through the overlying skin. It is also known as a compound fracture
Nondisplaced fracture
Broken bone remains in its normal anatomical alignment.
Displaced fracture
Broken bone is pulled out of its normal anatomical alighnment
Colles fracture
Distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand
Comminuted fracture
Bone is crushed into several small pieces
Compression fracture
Vertebrae are compressed together when a person falls onto the buttocks or when a vertebra collapses in on itself because of disease
Depressed fracture
Cranium is fractured inward toward the brain
Greenstick fracture
Bone is broken on only one side. This occurs in children because part of the bone is still flexible cartilage.
Hairline fracture
Very thin fracture line with the bone pieces still together. It is difficult to detect except on an x-ray.
Oblique fracture
Bone is broken on an oblique angle
Spiral fracture
Bone is broken in a spiral because of a twisting force.
Transverse fracture
Bone is broken in a transverse plane perpendicular to its long axis.
Osteomalacia
Abnormal softening of the bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D in the diet or inadequate exposure to the sun whose rays make vitamin D in the skin.
Osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone and bone marrow. Bacteria enter the bone following an open fracture, crush injury, or surgical procedure.
Osteoporosis
Abnormal thinning of the bone structure. When bone breakdown exceeds new bone formation, calcium and phosphorus are lost, and the bone becomes osteoporotic with many small areas of demineralization.
Pectus excavatum
Congenital deformity in which the sternum, particularly the xiphoid process, is bent inward, creating a hollow depression in the anterior chest.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Chronic inflammation of the vertebrae that leads to fibrosis, fusion, and restriction of movement of the spine.
Kyphosis
Abnormal, excessive, posterior curvature of the thoracic spine. It is commonly known as humpback or hunchback.
The back is said to have a kyphosis curvature.
Kyphoscoliosis
A complex curvature with components of both kyphosis and scoliosis.
Lordosis
Abnormal, excessive, anterior curvature of the lumbar spine. It is commonly known as swayback.
The back is said to have a lordotic curvature.
Scoliosis
Abnormal, excessive, C-shaped or S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine. The back is said to have a scoliosis curvature.
Dextroscoliosis
Curvature to the right
Levoscoliosis
Curvature to the patients left
Spondylolisthesis
Degenerative condition of the spine in which one vertebra moves anteriorly and slips out of proper alignment due to degeneration of the intervertebral disk.
Genu Valium
Congenital deformity in which the knees are rotated toward the midline and are abnormally close together with the lower legs bent laterally.
AKA knock-knee
Genu Varum
Congenital deformity in which the knees are rotated laterally away from each other and the lower legs are bent toward the midline.
AKA Bowleg
Hallux vagus
Deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes. There is swelling and inflammation at the base of the great toe.
Talipes equinovarus
Congenital deformity in which the foot is pulled downward and toward the midline.
AKA club foot
Arthralgia
Pain in a joint due to injury, inflammation, or infection from various causes.
Arthropathy
Disease of a joint from any cause
Dislocation
Displacement of the end of a bone from its normal position within a joint.
Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH)
Is present at birth because the acetabulum is poorly formed or the ligaments are loose.
Gout
Metabolic disorder that occurs most often in men. There is a high level of uric acid in the blood. An acute attack causes sudden, severe pain after uric acid moves from the blood into the soft tissues and forms crystals (tophi).
Hemarthrosis
Blood in the joint cavity from blunt trauma or a penetrating wound.
It also occurs spontaneously in hemophiliac patients.
Lyme disease
Arthritis caused by a bacterium in the bite of an infected deer tick.
There is an erythematous rash that expands outward from the bite for several weeks but is not itchy; there is joint pain, fever, chills, and fatigue.
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Chronic inflammatory disease of joints, particularly the large weight-bearing joints and joints that move repeatedly.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Acute and chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue, particularly of the joints.
This is autoimmune disorder in which the patient’s own antibodies attack cartilage and connective tissue.
Sprain
Over-stretching or tearing of a ligament around a joint
Subluxation
A partial dislocation with slight displacement of the end of a bone from its normal position with a joint.
Torn meniscus
Tear of the cartilage pad of the knee because of an injury.
Anti-CCP test
Blood test that measures the level of antibodies. It is always increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
Blood test that is usually positive in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Uric acid
Blood test that has an elevated level in patients with gout and gouty arthritis.
Arthrography
Procedure that uses a radiopaque contrast dye that is injected into a joint.
It coats and outlines the bone ends and joint capsule.
Bone density tests
Procedure that measures the bone mineral density (BMD) to determine if demineralization from osteoporosis has occurred.
DEXA scan (Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry)
uses two (dual) x-ray beams with different energy levels to create a two-dimensional image.
Quantitative computerized tomography (QCT)
Uses an x-ray beam and a CT scan to create a three-dimensional image. QCT can measure the density of both cancellous and cortical bone.
Bone scintigraphy
Nuclear medicine procedure in which in which a phosphate compound is tagged with the radioactive tracer technetium-99m and injected intravenously.
X-ray
Procedure that uses x-rays to diagnose bony abnormalities in any part of the body
X-rays are the primary means for diagnosing fractures, dislocations, and bone tumors.
Cast
Procedure in which a layer of plaster or fiberglass is applied around a fractured bone and adjacent areas to immobilize the fracture in a fixed position and facilitate healing.
Closed reduction
Procedure in which manual manipulation of a displaced fracture is performed to place the bone ends back in their normal alignment without the need for surgery
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT)
Procedure in which sound waves produced outside the body are used to break up bone spurs and treat tendinitis of the shoulder and Achilles tendon, tennis elbow, and inflammation of the fascia on the bottom of the foot.
Goniometry
Procedure in which a goniometer is used to measure the angle of a joint and its range of motion (ROM)
Orthosis
Orthopedic device such as a brace, splint, or collar that is used to immobilize a body part and keep it straight or to correct an orthopedic problem.
Physical Therapy
Procedure that uses exercises to improve a patient’s range of motion, joint mobility, strength, and balance.
Prosthesis
Orthopedic device such as an artificial leg for a patient who has had amputation of a limb.
AKA prosthetic device
Traction
Procedure that uses a weight to pull the bone ends of a fracture into correct alignment. Skin traction uses elastic wraps, straps, halters, or skin adhesives connected to a pulley and a weight.
Analgesic drug
Treats pain from bone injury or surgery. Over-the-counter drugs treat mild-to-moderate pain.
Prescription narcotic drugs are used to treat severe pain.
Bone resorption inhibitor drug
Inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone; used to prevent and treat osteoporosis.
Corticosteroid drug
Decreases severe inflammation. Given orally or by intra-articulate injection into a joint to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Gold compound drug
Inhibits the autoimmune response that attackers the joints and connective tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Actually contain Gold.
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Treats mild-to-moderate inflammation and pain due to osteoarthritis and orthopedic injuries.
Amputation
Procedure to remove all or part of an extremity because of trauma, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus.
Below-the-knee amputation (BKA)
Amputation at the level of the tibia and fibula
Above-the-knee amputation (AKA)
Amputation at the level of the femur.
Arthrocentesis
Procedure to remove an accumulation of fluid from an injured joint by using a needle inserted into the joint space.
It is also done to inject a drug to control inflammation and pain.
Arthrodesis
Procedure to fuse the bones in a deteriorated, unstable joint
Arthroscopy
Procedure that uses an arthroscope to visualize structures inside the joint.
Other instruments can be inserted through the arthroscope to scape or cut damaged cartilage or smooth sharp bone edges.
Bone graft
Procedure that uses whole bone or bone chips to repair fractures with extensive bone loss or defects due to bone cancer.
Bone taken from the patients own body is an autograft.
Frozen or freeze-dried bone taken from a cadaver is an allograft.
Bunionectomy
Procedure to remove the prominent part of the metatarsal bone that is causing a bunion in patients with hallux valgus
Cartilage transplantation
Procedure that replaces damaged cartilage as an alternative to a total knee replacement.
External fixation
Procedure used to treat a complicated fracture. An external fixation orthopedic device has metal pins that are inserted into the bone on either side of the fracture and connected to a metal frame.
Joint replacement surgery
Procedure to replace a joint that has been destroyed by trauma or osteoarthritis. A metal or plastic joint prosthesis is inserted.
This surgery is done on the hips as a total hip replacement (THR), or knees, shoulders, or small joints of the fingers.
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)
Procedure to treat a complicated fracture.
An incision is made to open the skin and visualize the fracture, the fracture is reduced, and an internal fixation procedure is done using screws, nails, or plate, to hold the fracture fragment in correct anatomical alignment.
DJD
Degenerative joint disease
D.O.
Doctor of Osteopathy
D.P.M.
Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
LLE
Left Lower Extremity
LUE
Left Upper Extremity
OA
Osteoarthritis
ROM
Range of Motion
Rheumatoid factor
RF
Radiologic technologists
Allied health professionals who perform and document a variety of radiologic procedures and assist the radiologist in the radiology and nuclear medicine department in a hospital or in a diagnostic imaging outpatient facility.
Radiologists
Physicians who practice in the medical specialty of radiology.
They view and interpret the results of radiologic procedures to diagnose conditions of all body systems.
Orthopedist
Physicians who practice in the medical specialty of orthopedics. They diagnose and treat patients with skeletal and muscular problems.
Rheumatologist
Physicians who specialize in treating inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joints.
Osteopaths
Have a D.O. They diagnose and treat patients based on prevention, the use of nutrition, and keeping the body structures in a normal anatomical relationship.
Chiropractors
Have a D.C. (Doctor of Chiropracty) They diagnose and treat patients with injuries of the bones, muscles, and nerves by manipulating the alignment of the vertebral column.
Podiatrists
Have a D.P.M. They diagnose and treat medical and surgical conditions of the foot.
