Chapter 6 Flashcards
Blood
Structures of the blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, plasma, and other substances. Blood is a connective tissue whose function is to continuously transport those substances throughout the body.
Lymphatic System
Structures of the lymphatic system include lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs. The function of the lymphatic system is to provide an immune response that defends the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, foreign cells, and cancer cells.
Agranulocyte
Category of leukocytes with few or no granules in their cytoplasm. It includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
Albumin
Protein molecule that is produced by the liver and carried in the plasma. Albumin exerts osmotic pressure that keeps water from moving out of the blood into the surrounding tissues.
Band
Immature neutrophil in the red bone marrow that has a nucleus shaped like a curved band.
Basophils
Least common type of leukocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because it has many large granules in its cytoplasm. These stain dark blue to purple with an alkaline dye.
Bicarbonate
A negatively charged electrolyte in the plasma. Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to maintain the pH of the blood.
Blood type
Genetic material in erythrocytes that determines a person’s blood type. The ABO blood group includes four different blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
Calcium (Ca++)
A positively charged electrolyte in the plasma. Calcium is also factor IV in the process of blood clotting.
Carboxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that binds to and carries carbon monoxide in the blood.
Electrolytes
Molecules in the plasma that have a positive or negative electrical charge.
Eosinophil
A type of leukocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because it has many large granules in its cytoplasm. These stain bright pink to red with eosin dye.
Erythrocytes
Red blood cell, a round, somewhat flattened disk with no nucleus. An erythroblast is a very immature form that comes from a stem cell.
A reticulocyte is a slightly immature form that is released into the blood.
Erythropoietin
Hormone secreted by the kidneys if the body experiences blood loss. It increases the speed at which erythrocytes are produced and become mature.
Granulocyte
Category of leukocytes with many large granules in their cytoplasm.
Hematopoiesis
Process by which the formed elements of the blood are produced in the red bone marrow, first as very immature cells and then mature cells that are released into the blood.
Hemoglobin
Red, iron-containing molecule in an erythrocyte. Hemoglobin that binds to and carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells is oxyhemoglobin.
Hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
Leukocyte
White blood cells. There are five distinct types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Each has a specific role in an allergic response or in an immune response.
Lymphocyte
The smallest leukocyte. It is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm.
A lymphoblastic is an immature form. Lymphoblasts that mature in the re bone marrow become B lymphocytes. Lymphoblasts that migrate to the thymus become t lymphocytes (T cells). Lymphocytes are also known as lymph’s.
Monocyte
The largest leukocyte. It is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. It’s nucleus is shaped like a kidney bean. Monocytes are also known as monos.
Neutrophil
Most common type of leukocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because it has many large granules in its cytoplasm, but these granules do not stain when there are exposed to laboratory dye, remaining neutral in color.
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen
Plasma
Clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood that transports erythrocytes leukocytes, and thrombocytes, as well as the nutrients of digested foods and the waste products of metabolism
Red bone marrow
Type of connective tissue where all blood cells are produced
Rh blood group
Category of blood type. When the Rh factor is present, the blood is Rh positive. Without the Rh factor, the blood is Rh negative.
Sodium (Na+)
A positively charged electrolyte in the plasma. Sodium exerts osmotic pressure that keeps water from moving out of the blood into the surrounding tissues. This maintains the blood volume and blood pressure.
Stem cell
Original, very immature cell in the red bone marrow that gives rise to all other blood cells, each of which matures in stages to finally become a mature erythrocyte, leukocyte, or thrombocyte that is released into the blood.
Thrombocyte
Cell fragment that is formed form a megakaryocyte, a very large, mature cell with a great deal of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm breaks off into individual thrombocytes. Also known as platelets.
Lymph
Tissue fluid enters a lymphatic capillary and becomes the fluid known as lymph. Lymph flows through the lymphatic system.
Lymph nodes
Small, encapsulated pieces of lymphoid tissue. They are grouped together in chains in areas where there is a high rate of invasion by microorganisms or cancer cells. Special cells in the lymph node destroy any microorganisms or cancer cells in the lymph.
Lymphatic vessels
Structures that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue as larger lymphatic vessels, and bring lymph to the lymph nodes.
Lymphoid tissues and organs
Lymphoid tissues include the tonsils and adenoids in the posterior oral cavity, as well as Peter patches and the appendix in the intestines. Lymphoid organs include the thymus and spleen.
Spleen
Lymphoid organ that is posterior to the stomach. The spleen removes old erythrocytes. It is a storage area for whole blood that it releases during times of danger or injury. It contains B cell and T cell lymphocytes.
Thymus
Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum. It receives lymphoblasts that migrate from the red bone marrow, and it helps them mature into several types of T lymphocytes that are part of the immune response.
Aggregation
Process of thrombocytes (platelets) forming clumps to slow down the flow of blood.
Clotting factors
There are 12 clothing factors, numbered I through XIII (there is no factor VI). Platelets release several clotting factors that are activated by the injured blood vessel. Other clotting factors are released from the liver and the injured tissue itself.
Coagulation
Process of the formation of a thrombus (blood clot)
Fibrin
Strands formed by the clotting factors. Fibrin strands trap erythrocytes to form a thrombus (blood clot)
Fibrinogen
Blood clotting factor I that is produced by the liver
Hemostasis
The cessation of bleeding
Prothrombin
Blood clotting factor II that is produce by the liver This clotting factor is activated just before a thrombus is formed.
Serum
Fluid portion of the plasma that remains after the clotting factors are activated to form a blood clot.
Thrombocytes
Thrombocytes (platelets) immediately form clumps to slow down the flow of blood after any injury to a blood vessel.
Thromboplastin
Blood clotting factor III. Also known as tissue factor because it is released from injured tissue.
Thrombus
A blood clot
Allergen
Cells from plants or animals (food,pollen, mold, animal dander), as well as dust, chemicals, and drugs. ANy of these allergens can cause an allergic reaction in a hypersensitive person.
Allergic reaction
An individual’s unique hypersensitivity in response to a certain allergen. Also known as an allergy.
Anaphylaxis
Severe systemic allergic reaction characterized by respiratory distress hypotension and shock.
Basophil
Blood cell that releases histamine during an allergic reaction.
Leukocyte that functions in the immune response by releasing histamine.
Histamine
The basis of the symptoms of an allergic reaction. Histamine is released from basophils in the blood and from mast cells in the connective tissues.
Hypersensitivity
An individuals unique response to an allergen.
Local reaction
An allergic reaction of redness, swelling, and itching in one area.
Example: an allergen contacts the skin or is inhaled into the nose
Systemic Reaction
An allergic reaction throughout the body after an allergen is inhaled, ingested, or injected.
Active immunity
Immune response that is the body’s continuing defense against pathogens it has seen before. It is produced by immunoglobulin G.
Antibody
Antibodies are produced by a B cell when it becomes a plasma cell. Antibodies coat the surface of a bacterium (or virus, or cancer cell, or cell infected with a virus), and this attracts leukocytes to destroy it. Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins.
B cell
Type of lymphocyte that is inactive until a monocytes presents it with fragments from an eaten pathogen. Then the B cell becomes a plasma cell that produces antibodies.
Complement proteins
Group of proteins in the plasma. When antibodies coat a bacterium (or virus, or cancer cell, or a cell infected with a virus), complement proteins “complement” that effect by drilling holes in them.
Cytotoxic T cell
Type of T cell that kills cells infected with a virus.
Eosinophil
Leukocyte that functions in the immune response by releasing chemicals that destroy foreign cells (pollen, animal dander, dust) and kill parasites.
Helper T cell
Type of T cell that stimulates the production of cytotoxic T cells. When a helper T cell encounters a virus, it produces memory T cells.
Histamine
Released by basophils and mast cells as part of the immune response. It dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow, which brings more leukocytes to the area.
IgA
Immunoglobulin A. Antibody in body secretions (tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk) and on the skin. It gives passive immunity to a breastfeeding infant.
IgD
Immunoglobulin D. Antibody on the surface of a B cell lymphocyte; it activates the B cell to become a plasma cell.
IgE
Immunoglobulin E. Antibody on the surface of a basophil. It causes the basophil to release histamine.
IgG
Immunoglobulin G. Antibody that provides active immunity. During pregnancy, it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus.
IgM
Immunoglobulin M. Antibody that is produced by plasma cells during the initial exposure to a pathogen. IgM is also produced during a blood transfusion of incompatible blood types.
Immune response
Coordinated effort between leukocytes in the blood and the lymphatic system to identify and destroy invading microorganisms, or foreign cells or cancer cells produced within the body.
Immunoglobulins
Also known as antibodies. There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
Interferon
Substance produced by a monocytes that has engulfed a virus. Interferon stimulates other cells to produce substances that prevent a virus from entering them to reproduce itself.
Interleukin
Substance produced by a monocyte. It stimulates NK cells to kill cells already infected with a virus. It stimulates B cell and T cell lymphocytes. It also produces the fever that is part of the immune response to inflammation and infection.
Lymphocyte
Leukocyte that function sin the immune response in many different ways.
Memory T cell
Type of T cell that is inactive until a virus enters the body a second time. Then it remembers the virus and becomes a cytotoxic T cell.
Microorganisms
Small living organisms that cause disease. Examples: Bacteria, viruses, Protozoa, fungi, and yeasts.
Monocyte
Leukocyte that engulfs and destroys pathogens that have been coated with antibodies in the process of phagocytosis. It also produces interferon, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor.
NK (natural killer) cell
Type of lymphocyte that recognizes a cancer cell or a cell infected with a virus and destroys it without the help of an antibody coating.
Neutrophil
Leukocyte that functions in the immune response by engulfing and destroying bacteria in the process of phagocytosis. It also engulfs wastes and foreign substances in the blood.
Passive Immunity
Immune response that occurs when IgG crosses the placenta and fives passive immunity to the fetus. Passive immunity also occur when IgA in the mothers first breast milk (colostrum) is given to the breastfeeding baby. IgG and IgA provide protection from all the diseases the mother has had.
Pathogen
Microorganism that causes disease
Phagocyte
A neutrophil that engulfs and destroys bacteria.
A monocyte that destroys pathogens that have been coated with antibodies. The process of engulfing and destroying is phagocytosis.
Suppressor T cell
Type of T cell that limits the extent and duration of an immune response.
T cell
Type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus. There are four different kinds: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, memory T cells, and suppressor T cells.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Substance that destroys endotoxins produced by certain bacteria. It also destroys cancer cells.
PMN
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
RBC
Red blood cell
Rh
Blood group
WBC
White Blood Cell
Hemorrhage
Loss of a large amount of blood, either externally or internally, from disease or from an injury. Injury to an artery causes a forceful spurting or a large amount of bright red blood.
Pancytopenia
Decreased numbers of all types of blood cells due to failure of the red bone marrow to produce stem cells. This can be caused by some blood diseases, or it can be a side effect of chemotherapy drugs.
Septicemia
Bacterial infection in the tissues or an organ that spreads to the blood. Sepsis is a result of septicemia and occurs when the bacteria and their endotoxins cause severe symptoms, inflammation, and blood clots throughout the entire body.
Anemia
Anemia is a decrease in the number of erythrocytes. A patient with anemia is anemic. Anemia can have several causes.
- Insufficient amounts of amino acids, folic acid, iron, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 in the diet.
- Disease, cancer, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy drugs that have damaged or destroyed the red bone marrow.
- Hemolysis with loss of erythrocytes because of increased cell fragility
- Hemorrhage, excessive menstruation, or chronic blood loss.
Aplastic Anemia
Anemia caused by failure of the re bone marrow to produce erythrocytes because it has been damaged by disease, cancer, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy drugs. In aplastic anemia, each erythrocyte is normocytic and normochromic, but there are too few erythrocytes.
Folic acid deficiency anemia
Anemia caused by a deficiency of folic acid in the diet. This anemia is seen in malnourished person, older adults with a poor diet, alcoholics, and pregnant women. Each erythrocyte is macrocytic
Iron deficiency anemia
Anemia caused by a deficiency of iron in the diet or by an increased loss of of iron Dude to menstruation, hemorrhage, or chronic blood loss.
Pernicious anemia
Anemia caused by a lack of vitamin B12 in the diet or by a lack of intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor produced by the stomach helps the body absorb vitamin B12.
Sickle cell disease
Anemia caused by an inherited genetic abnormality of an amino acid in the hemoglobin. When there is a low level of oxygen in the blood, each erythrocyte distorts to become a crescent or sickle shape.
Transfusion Reaction
Reaction that occurs when a person receives a transfusion with the wrong blood type. Antibodies in the person’s serum attack antigens on the erythrocytes of the donor blood, causing hemolysis of the donor erythrocytes.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Severe infection caused by the Human immune deficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus that infects helper T-cell lymphocytes.
Spread by intravenous drug abusers that share needles
Healthcare workers have an accidental needlestick and are exposed to infected blood
Transfusions with infected blood.
Leukemia
Cancer of the Leukocytes. Excessive numbers of immature leukocytes crowd out other cells in the red bone marrow, causing anemia, easy bruising and hemorrhages, fever, and susceptibility to infection.
Mononucleosis
Infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). There is lymphadenopathy, fever, and fatigue. It is often called the “kissing disease” because it commonly affects young adults and is transmitted through contact with saliva that contains the virus.
Multiple Myeloma
Cancer of B cell lymphocytes that would normally become plasma cells and produce antibodies. The decreased number of normal B cells results in weakness, anemia, and increased susceptibility to infections.
Coagulopathy
Any disease that affects the ability of the blood to clot normally. Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
A thrombus (blood clot) in one of the deep veins of the lower leg; this often occurs after surgery of in patients who are immobile or on bed rest. Lack of exercise causes the blood to pool in the veins (venous stasis) and form a blood clot.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Severe disorder of clotting in which multiple small thrombi are formed throughout the body. These thrombi use up platelets and fibrinogen from the plasma to such an extent that there is spontaneous bleeding from the nose, mouth, IV sites, and incisions.
Hemophilia
Inherited genetic abnormality that causes a lack or a deficiency of a specific clotting factor.
The patient is a hemophiliac.
Thrombocytopenia
Deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage stem cells in the red bone marrow. It also occurs when leukemia cells crowd out the stem cells in the red bone marrow that produce thrombocytes.
Graft-versus-host disease
Immune reaction of donor tissue or a donor organ (graft) against the patient (host). This can occur after a bone marrow transplantation or organ transplantation. Mild symptoms are a rash and fever, but the symptoms can be severe enough to cause death.
Lymphadenopathy
Enlarged lymph nodes. Lymph nodes in the neck, axillae, and groin can be felt if they are enlarged. A sore throat causes lymph nodes in the neck to enlarge. A severe infection or cancer will cause the lymph nodes in that area to become enlarged.
Lymphedema
Generalized swelling of an arm or leg that occurs after surgery when a chain of lymph nodes has been removed. Tissue fluid in that area cannot drain into the lymphatic vessels at the normal rate, and this causes edema.
Lymphoma
Cancer of the lymphocytes, lymph nodes, or lymphatic tissue. Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin are two types of lymphomas
Hodgkin lymphoma
Most common type of lymphoma. It often occurs in young adults and is discovered on physical examination as a painless, enlarged, cervical lymph node in the neck.
A biopsy of the lymph node shows abnormal lymphocytes known as REED-STERNBERG CELLS. Also known as Hodgkin disease.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
A group of several different types of lymphomas that occur in older adults and do not contain Reed-Sternberg cells.
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen that can be felt on palpating of the abdomen. Causes include mononucleosis, Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and other blood and lymphatic diseases.
Thymoma
Tumor of the thymus that is usually benign. It may cause a cough and chest pain. It is often seen in patients who already have an autoimmune disorder.
Autoimmune disorders
Disorders in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissues, causing pain and loss of function. List of Autoimmune disorders: Diabetes mellitus type 1 Graves’ disease hashimoto thyroiditis Gluten sensitivity enteropathy Inflammatory bowel disease Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia Travis Psoriasis Vitiligo Rheumatoid arthritis Scleroderma Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Blood smear
Blood test in which a drop a blood is spread as a thin smear on a glass slide. Then hematoxylin and eosin dyes are used to stain the blood cells. The slide is examined under a microscope to identify characteristics of the erythrocytes and leukocytes. This test is performed to visually investigate an abnormal result from a previous complete blood count.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential
Group of blood tests that are performed by an automated machine. The tests determine the number, type, and characteristics of erythrocytes, the hematocrit (HCT) and hemoglobin (Hgb), the number and percentages of the five different (differential) types of leukocytes, and the number of thrombocytes.
Type and cross match
Blood test to determine the blood type (A, B, AB, or O) and Rh factor (positive or negative) of the patients blood and to crossmatch the blood to a donor’s blood when the patient needs a blood transfusion.
The donor’s blood type was determined when the blood was donated and stored in the blood bank. The patient’s (recipient’s) blood type is determined. Then the patient’s plasma is cross matched by mixing it with the donor’s red blood cells. If the donor’s red blood cells clump together, the blood types are not compatible.
Coagulation time tests
Coagulation time tests are used to measure the length of time it takes the blood to clot. These tests are used to monitor the effectiveness of various anticoagulant drugs that are given to lengthen the blood clotting time in order to decrease the chance of blood clots forming.
Activated clotting time (ACT)
Partial thrombophlebitis Time (PTT)
Prothrombin time (PT)
Blood chemistries
Blood test used to determine the levels of various sustances in the blood. These include electrolytes, albumin, total protein, ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, bilirubin, glucose, LDH, total cholesterol, Uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase.
Ferritin
Blood test that indirectly measures the amount of iron (ferritin) stored in the body by measuring the small amount that is always present in the blood. This test is used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests
Blood tests that detect infection with HIV
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
First screening test done for HIV. It can be done on blood, urine, or saliva samples. The test uses two antibodies. The first binds to HIV, forming a complex; the second reacts to an enzyme in the complex. However, this test can also be positive if the patient has antibodies against some other diseases.
CD4 count
Blood test that measures the number of helper T-cell lymphocytes (CD4 lymphocytes). A diagnosis of AIDS is made when the CD4 cell count is below 200 and the patient also has an opportunistic infection. The CD4 count is used to monitor the progression of AIDS and the patients response to antiretroviral drugs.
OraSure
Quick screening test done in a doctor’s office or clinic to detect antibodies to HIV in the saliva.
p24 antigen test
Blood test that detects p24, an actual protein in HIV. It is used to detect early HIV infection, as the test is positive before there are any antibodies against HIV. It is also a screening test for HIV in units of donated blood.
viral RNA load test
Blood test that measures the amount of HIV present, as high, medium, or low. This test is used to monitor the progression of the disease and the patient’s response to antiretroviral drugs.
Western blot
Used to confirm a positive ELISA test result, so that a diagnosis of HIV infection can actually be made.
MonoSpot test
Serum test for mononucleosis. Rapid test that uses the patient’s serum mixed with horse erythrocytes. If the patient. Has mononucleosis, heterophil antibodies in the patient’s serum will cause the horse’s erythrocytes to clump.
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP)
Serum test that determines the amount of each of the immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM) in the blood.
A simple of serum is placed in a gel and an electrical current is applied. Each immunoglobulin becomes electrically charged and moves toward the positive or negative electrode.
Schilling test
Urine test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by measuring the amount of radioactive vitamin B12 excreted in the urine.
The patient swallows two capsules: one capsule contains intrinsic factor plus vitamin B12 labeled with a radioactive tracer and intrinsic factor; the other capsule constrains vitamin B12 labeled with a different radioactive tracer but with no intrinsic factor.
Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP)
Urine test to determine the amount of Bence Jones protein in order to monitor the course of multiple myeloma. It uses the process of electrophoresis.
Lymphangiography
Radiologic procedure in which a radio plaque contrast dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel. X-rays are taken as the dye travels through the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. It shows enlarged lymph nodes, lymphomas, and areas of blocked lymphatic drainage.
Blood donation
Procedure in which a unit of whole blood is collected from a donor. The unit is tested and labeled as to blood type and stored in a refrigerated blood bank.
A unit of whole blood can be given as a transfusion or the unit can be divided into its component parts, and just that part can be given as a transfusion to meet the needs of a specific patient.
Blood transfusion
Procedure in which blood, blood cells, or plasma is given by intravenous transfusion. A transfusion of whole blood provides a complete correction of blood loss.
Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) are a concentrated preparation of RBCs in a small amount of plasma. Platelets are given to patients with thrombocytopenia or to cancer patients whose production of platelets is depressed after radiation therapy or chemotherapy drugs.
Phlebotomy
Procedure that uses a needle and a vacuum tube or syringe to draw a sample of blood from a vein.
Also known as benipuncture. The vacuum tubes have different-colored rubber stoppers that indicate which additive or anticoagulant is in the tube.
Plasmapheresis
Procedure in which plasma is separated from the blood cells. A donor gives a unit of blood, which is rapidly spun in a centrifuge.
Centrifugal force pulls the blood cells in the bottom of the unit of blood. The plasma portion at the top is siphoned off.
The blood cells are given back to the donor. Then the plasma is processed and pooled with plasma from other donors to make fresh frozen plasma, albumin, or clotting factors.
Stem cell transplantation
Procedure to give stem cells from a matched donor’s red bone marrow to a patient.
The stem cells are given intravenously; they then migrate to the patient’s red bone marrow and begin producing normal blood cells. This procedure is used to treat leukemia or lymphoma.
Vaccination
Procedure that injects a vaccine into the body. The vaccine consists of dead or weakened bacteria, viruses, or cell fragments. Then the body produces antibodies and memory B lymphocytes specifically against that bacterium or virus.
Anticoagulant drug
Prevents blood clots from forming by inhibiting the clotting factors or by inhibiting vitamin K that is needed to make the clotting factors.
Corticosteroid drug
Anti-inflammatory drug that suppresses the immune response and decreases inflammation. Also given to organ transplant patients to prevent rejection of the donor organ.
Erythropoietin drug
Stimulates the red bone marrow to make erythrocytes.
Immunosuppressant drug
Suppresses the immune response to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ.
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug
Antiretroviral drug that inhibits reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that HIV needs to reproduce itself.
Platelet aggregation inhibitor drug
Prevents platelets from aggregating (clumping together), the first step in forming a blood clot.
Protease inhibitor drug
Antiretroviral drug that inhibits protease, an enzyme that HIV needs to reproduce itself.
Thrombocytes enzyme drug
Breaks fibrin strands to dissolve a blood clot that has already formed.
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) drug
Activates plasminogen to become an enzyme that breaks fibrin strands and dissolves a blood clot that has already formed.
Vitamin B12 drug
Treats pernicious anemia. It is given by intramuscular injection, by nasal spray, or sublingually (under the tongue).
Bone marrow aspiration
Procedure using a needle and syringe to aspirate and remove a sample of red bone marrow from the posterior iliac crest of the hip bone. this is done for one of two reasons:
- To diagnose leukemia or lymphoma and to monitor its progression by examining the different stages of cell development (stem cell to mature cell)
- To harvest red bone marrow from a healthy, compatible donor to give to a patient who needs a bone marrow transplantation.
Bone marrow transplantation
Procedure used to treat patients with leukemia or lymphoma. the bone marrow donor and the recipient patient are matched for blood type and also for tissue type: human leukocyte-associated (HLA) antigens.
Red bone marrow is harvested by aspirating it from the hip bone of a matched donor.
Lymph node biopsy
Procedure that uses a fine needle to aspirate tissue from a lymph node. The tissue is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. The lymph node may also be completely removed by doing excisional biopsy.
Lymph node dissection
Surgical procedure to separate (dissect) lymph nodes form tissue and remove several or all the lymph nodes in a lymph node chain to look for metastasis of a cancer from its original site elsewhere in the body.
Splenectomy
Procedure to remove the spleen whit it has ruptured due to trauma.
Thyme to my
Procedure to remove the thymus because of a benign Thymoma tumor.
A type
Blood type A in the ABO blood group
AB type
Blood type AB in the ABO blood group
ACT
Activated clotting line
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
B type
Blood type B in the ABO blood group
Basos
Basophils (short form)
Ca++
Calcium (an electrolyte)
CBC
Complete blood count
CD4
Helper T Cell
CD8
Suppressor T cell
Cl-
Chloride (an electrolyte)
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
DVT
Deep venous thrombosis
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
eos
Eosinophils (short form)
H&H
Hemoglobin and hematocrit
HCO3-
Bicarbonate (an electrolyte)
HCT
Hematocrit
Hgb
Hemoglobin
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
HLA
Human leukocyte antigen
IgA etc.
Immunoglobulin A
INR
International normalized ratio
K+
Potassium (an electrolyte)
Lymphs
Lymphocytes (short form)
Mono
Mononucleosis (short form)
Monos
Monocytes (short form)
Na+
Sodium (an electrolyte)
O
Blood type O in the ABO blood group
PMN
Polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)
Polys
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (short form)
PRBCs
Packed red blood cells
Pro time
Prothrombin time (short form)
PT
Prothrombin time
PTT
Partial thrombophlebitis time
RBC
Red blood cell
Segs
Segmented neutrophils (short form)
SPEP
Serum protein electrophoresis (pronounced “S-pep”)
UPEP
Urine protein electrophoresis (pronounced “U-pep”)
WBC
White blood cell
Phlebotomists
Are allied health professionals who use vein puncture techniques to draw blood. They follow procedures for storing and transporting blood specimens for diagnostic testing in the laboratory.
Hematologists
Are physicians who practice in the medical specialty of hematology. They diagnose and treat patients with diseases of the blood.
Immunologists
Are physicians, or their are scientists who have a Ph.D. In cellular biology or pharmacology. They practice in the medical specialty of immunology. Clinical immunologists diagnose and treat patients who have autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency disease, cancer, or who are undergoing transplantation
Oncologists
Are physicians who treat patients with cancer of the blood or immune system.
