Chapter 4 Flashcards
Cardiopulmonary
Pertaining to the heart and lungs
Respiratory System
The structures of the upper respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx (throat). The lower respiratory system includes the larynx (voice box) , trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and thorax.
The functions of the respiratory system are to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide.
Mucosa
Mucous membrane that lines most of the respiratory system. It warms and humidifies incoming air. It produces mucus to trap foreign particles and bacteria.
Nasal cavity
Hollow area inside the nose. The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
Pharynx
The throat. A shared passageway for both air and food.
Turbinates
Scroll-like projections of bone covered by mucous membrane on either side of the nasal cavity. They slow down and give moisture to inhaled air.
Alveolus
Hollow sphere of cells in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide gas molecules are exchanged.
Apex
Rounded top of each lung
Bronchiole
Small tubular air passageway that branches off from a bronchus and then branches into several alveoli. Its wall contains smooth muscle.
Bronchus
Tubular air passageway supported by cartilage rings. Each bronchus enters a lung and branches into bronchioles.
Bronchial tree
Includes the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
Bronchopulmonary
Refers to the bronchi and the lungs.
Cilia
Small hairs that move in waves to take mucus and foreign particles toward the throat to be expelled by coughing or to be swallowed.
Epiglottis
Lid-like structure that seals off the opening to the larynx, so that swallowed food goes into the esophagus, not into the trachea.
Hilum
Indentation on the medial side of each lung where the bronchus, pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins enter and exit the lung.
Larynx
Structure that contains the vocal cords and is a passageway for inhaled and exhaled air.
AKA Voice Box
Lobe
Large division of a lung, whose dividing line is visible on the lung’s outer surface.
Lumen
Central opening through which air flows inside the trachea, bronchus, or bronchiole
Parenchyma
Functional part of the lung as opposed to the connective tissue framework.
Surfactant
Compound that reduces surface tension and keeps the wall of the alveoli from collapsing with each exhalation
Trachea
Tube supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage. It is an air passageway between the larynx and the bronchi.
AKA Windpipe
Diaphragm
Sheet of skeletal muscle that divides the thoracic cavity. It contains the trachea (and heart and esophagus)
Phrenic Nerve
Nerve that, when stimulated by the respiratory control centers, causes the diaphragm to contract and move downward; this expands the thoracic cavity and causes inspiration.
Pleural
Double-layered membrane that lines each pleural cavity and secretes pleural fluid.
Visceral Pleura
Next to the lung’s surface
Parietal Pleura
Next to the wall of the thoracic cavity
Pleural fluid
Is the space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura that is filled with fluid.
Pleural cavity
Area surrounded by pleura. Each pleural cavity contains a lung.
Pleural space
Narrow space between the two layers of pleurae. It is filled with pleural fluid.
Rib Cage
Bony wall that surrounds and protects the thoracic cavity.
It consists of the sternum (breastbone), ribs, and bones of the spine.
Thoracic cavity
Hollow space surrounded by the rib cage. It contains the lungs and structures in the mediastinum.
Thorax
Area between the neck and the diaphragm
Carbon dioxide
Exhaled gas that is a waste product of cellular metabolism. It is carried by the hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Eupnea
Normal depth and rate of respiration.
Exhalation
Breathing out. Also known as expiration
Inhalation
Breathing in. Also known as inspiration.
Metabolism
Process that uses oxygen to produce energy within body cells and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Oxygen
Inhaled gas that is used by each cell to produce energy in the process of metabolism. Oxygen is carried by the hemoglobin in red blood cells. Blood that contains oxygen is oxygenated.
Oxyhemoglobin
Compound formed when oxygen combines with the hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Respiration
Consists of five processes: Ventilation External respiration Gas transport Internal respiration Cellular respiration
Ventilation
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
External respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas molecules between the alveoli and the blood.
Gas transport
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the blood
Internal respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the cells
Cellular respiration
Use of oxygen to produce energy in the cell while producing carbon dioxide as a waste product of metabolism
Respiratory control centers
Centers in the brain that control the rate of respiration
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Bacterial or viral infection of the nose and/or throat.
Also known as a common cold or a head cold
Asthma
Hyperreactivity of the bronchi and bronchioles. Inflammation and swelling of the mucosa, excessive mucus production.
Bronchospasm
Contraction of the smooth muscle.
Narrow the lumens of the bronchi and bronchioles causing shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing.
Asthmatic
Patients with asthma are called asthmatic
Status asthmaticus
Prolonged, extremely severe, life-threatening asthma attack.
Bronchitis
Acute or chronic infection or inflammation of the bronchi. Acute bronchitis with infection is due to bacteria or viruses.
Bronchiectasis
Chronic, permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity of the bronchioles. Chronic inflammation destroys the smooth muscle and allows segregation to accumulate.
Reactive airway disease
Group of conditions that all show reversible narrowing of the airway lumens with wheezing, caused by an external factor.
Abnormal breath sounds
Normal respiration’s should like a soft wind rushing through a tunnel. Pleural friction rub Rales Rhonchi Stridor Wheezes
Pleural Friction Rub
Creaking, Grating, or rubbing sound.
Caused by inflamed layers of pleurae rubbing against each other.
Rales
Irregular cracklings or bubbling sounds. Wet rales are caused by fluid or infection in the alveoli. Dry rales are caused by chronic irritation or fibrosis
AKA Crackles
Rhonchi
Humming, Whistling, or snoring sounds. Caused by swelling, mucus, or foreign body that partially obstructs the bronchi.
Stridor
High-pitched, harsh, crowing sound. Caused by edema or an obstruction in the trachea or larynx
Wheezes
High pitched whistling or squeaking sounds It is caused by narrowing of the lumen due to bronchospasm from asthma, a lung infection, an allergic reaction, or a foreign body obstruction the airways.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Condition in which many alveoli are damaged and become filled with fluid.
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung. Caused by mucus, a tumor, trauma, or a foreign body that blocks the bronchus.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Any type of chronic obstructive lung disease, including chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Caused by chronic exposure to air pollution or smoking.
Emphysema
Condition in (the lungs of being) distend(ed and) inflate(d)
Cystic Fibrosis
Hereditary, eventually fatal disease caused by a recessive gene. Cystic fibrosis affects exocrine cells that secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, or sweat.
Empyema
Localized collection of purple to material (pus) in the thoracic cavity. Caused by a lung infection.
Influenza
Acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory system.
Symptoms include nasal mucus, sneezing, fever, severe muscle aches, and a cough.
Legionnaires’ disease
Severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection. There are flu-like symptoms, body aches, and fever, followed by severe pneumonia with liver and kidney degeneration.
Lung Cancer
Cancerous tumor of the lungs that is more common in smokers.
Years of smoking leave tar deposits in the lungs.
Areas can become cancerous tumors.
Occupational Lung Diseases
Group of diseases that are all caused by long-term exposure to inhaled irritants or particles that cause pulmonary fibrosis, and the alveoli lose their elasticity.
Anthracosis
(Coal miner’s lung or black lung disease)is caused by coal dust.
Asbestosis
A occupational lung diseases Caused by asbestos fibers
Pneumoconiosis
Is a general word for any occupational lung disease caused by inhaling some type of dust or particle.
Pneumonia
Infection of some or all of the lobes of the lungs. Fluid, microorganisms, and white blood cells fill the alveoli and air passages.
Bacterial pneumonia
Pneumonia caused by bacterium.
Viral pneumonia
Pneumonia caused by a virus
Double pneumonia
Pneumonia involving both lungs.
Aspiration pneumonia
Caused by foreign matter (chemicals, vomit, etc.) that is inhaled into the lungs
Broncho-pneumonia
Affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in the lung.
Lobar pneumonia
Affects one lobe of the lung.
Panlobar
Pneumonia that affects all the lobes of one lung.
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci. This fungus infects many people during childhood, causing a mild infection; then it lies dormant in the lungs within small cysts.
Walking pneumonia
Caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This is mild pneumonia; the patient does not feel well but can continue daily activities.
Pulmonary edema
Edema (fluid) collects in the alveoli. Most commonly caused by failure of the left side of the heart to pump blood
Pulmonary embolism
Blockage of a pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus.
Embolus
A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Severe viral infection that can be fatal. Symptoms include fever, dyspnea, and cough.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Infection caused by the bacterium and spread by airborne droplets and coughing.
Bacteria multiplies and produces tubercles in the lungs, as well as symptoms of fever, cough, weight loss, night sweats, and hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
Latent tuberculosis infection
Patient’s immune system is strong, the bacteria cause no symptoms
Hemothorax
Presence of blood in the thoracic cavity, usually from trauma
Pleural effusion
Accumulation of excessive fluid in the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae.
Pleurisy
Infection of inflammation of the pleurae due to pneumonia, trauma, or a tumor.
AKA pleuritis
Pneumothorax
A large volume of air in the pleural space. A pneumothorax is a fully collapsed lung.
Apnea
Absence of spontaneous respiration’s due to respiratory failure or respiratory arrest.
Bradypnea
Abnormally slow rate of breathing.
Cough
Protective mechanism to forcefully expel accidentally inhaled food, irritating particles, or internally produced mucus.
Dyspnea
Difficult, labored, or painful respirations. Patients are said to be dyspneic
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
Is a sudden attack of shortness of breath that occurs at night when fluid builds up in the lungs because the patient is lying supine.
Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
Occurs after brief activity in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing when lying supine.
Tachypnea
Abnormally rapid rate of breathing
Anoxia
Complete lack of oxygen in the arterial blood and body tissues.
Asphyxia
An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide with an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood that produces a decreased heart rate and blueness of the skin.
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin and nail beads because of a low level of oxygen and a high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues.
Circumoral cyanosis
Blueness around the mouth.
Hypercapnia
Very high level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the arterial blood.
Hypoxemia
Very low level of oxygen in the arterial blood.
Hypoxia
Very low level of oxygen in the cells.
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
Blood test to measure the partial pressure of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood.
Carboxyhemoglobin
Blood test to measure the level of carbon monoxide in the blood.
Oximetry
Procedure to measure the degree of hemoglobin saturation of the blood.
Oximeter
Small noninvasive clip device is placed on the patient’s index finger or earlobe.
Pulmonary Function Test
Procedure to measure the capacity of the lungs and the volume of air during inhalation and exhalation.
Sleep study
Procedure to determine whether a patient has obstructive sleep apnea.
Sputum culture and sensitivity
Laboratory test to identify the bacterium causing a pulmonary infection.
Tuberculosis tests
Tests to determine whether a patient has been exposed to tuberculosis.
Tine Test
A screening test that uses a four-pronged device to puncture the skin and introduce PPD (purified protein derivative)
Mantoux test
Uses an intruder alert injection of PPD
Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) test
Uses a sputum specimen that is smeared on a slide, treated with a stain and the washed.
Xpert sputum test.
Uses DNA technology, takes 100 minutes, is more accurate, and can detect tuberculosis that is already resistant to drugs.
Chest Radiography
Radiology procedure that uses x-rays to create a digital image of the lungs.
AKA chest x-ray
Anteroposterior (AP) chest x-ray
The x-rays enter through the patient’s anterior chest and exit through the posterior chest
Posteroanterior (PA) chest x-ray
The x-rays enter through the patient’s posterior chest and exit through the anterior chest
Lateral chest x-ray
The x-rays enter through the patient’s side and exit through the other side.
Computerized axial tomography (CAT,CT)
Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays to create multiple digital cross-sectional images by scanning one narrow slice of tissue at a time.
Lung scan
Nuclear medicine procedure that uses an inhaled radioactive gas to evaluate ventilation in the lungs as well as an intravenous radioactive drug to evaluate perfusion.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Radiologic procedure that uses a magnet and radio waves to produce a magnetic field that affects the rotational axis of protons in atoms in the body’s tissue.
Auscultation and percussion (A&P)
Auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen to breath sounds in all lobes of the lungs.
Percussion uses the finger of one hand to tap over the finger of the other hand that is spread across the patient’s back over a lobe of the lung.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Procedure to provide air to the lungs and circulate the blood when a patient stops breathing and the heart stops beating.
Chest percussion therapy
For patients with severe lung disease and mucus production or for patients with cystic fibrosis and thick mucus, the RT uses cupped hands, hitting against the patient’s back to loosen the mucus, or uses a vibrating device to loosen the mucus.
Endotracheal intubation
Procedure in which an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted into the trachea.
Laryngoscopes
Instrument used to examine the larynx
Incentive spirometry
Procedure that uses the medical device of a spirometer to encourage patients to prevent atelectasis
Nebulizer treatments
Device that creates a fine mist that is inhaled into the lungs.
Oxygen therapy
Procedure to provide additional oxygen to patients with pulmonary disease.
Antibiotic drug
Treats respiratory infections cause by bacteria
Antitubercular drug
Treats tuberculosis. More than one antitubercular drug must be used in combination for 9 months to be effective.
Antitussive drug
Suppresses the cough center in the brain. Used to treat chronic bronchitis and nonproductive coughs.
Antiviral drugs
Treats influenza virus infection, particularly in at-risk patients with asthma or lung disease.
Bronchodilator drug
Dilates constricted airways by relaxing the smooth muscles that surround the bronchioles.
Corticosteroid
Blocks the immune system from causing inflammation in the lungs.
Expectorant drug
Reduces the thickness of sputum so that it can be coughed up. Used to treat a productive cough.
Leukotriene receptor blocker drug
Blocks leukotriene, which causes inflammation and edema. Used to treat asthma
Mast cell stabilizer drug
Stabilizes mast cells and prevents them from releasing histamine that causes bronchospasm during an allergic reaction. Used to treat asthma.
Pneumococcal vaccination
Used to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia
Smoking cessation drug
binds to nicotine receptors and prevent them from being activated if the patient smokes.
Bronchoscopy
Procedure that uses a lighted bronchoscope inserted through the mouth and larynx to examine the trachea and bronchi.
Chest tube insertion
Procedure that inserts a plastic tube into the thoracic cavity to remove accumulated air, fluid, pus, or blood due to trauma or infection.
Lung resection
Procedure to remove part of or the entire lung.
Thoracentesis
Procedure that uses a needle and a vacuum container to remove pleural fluid.
Thoracotomy
Incision in to the thoracic cavity. This is the first step of a surgical procedure involving the thoracic cavity and lungs.
Tracheostomy
Procedure that provides temporary or permanent access to the lungs in patients who need continuing respiratory support, usually with a respirator.
