Chapter 1 Flashcards
Word Origins:
Pelvis
Latin Pelvis
Word Origins:
Sinus
Latin Sinus
Word Origins:
Thorax
Greek Thorax
Word Origins:
Artery
Latin:
Arteria
Word Origins:
Muscle
Latin
Musculus
Word Origin:
patient
Latin:
Patiens
Word Origin:
Sperm
Greek:
Sperma
Word Origin:
Urine
Latin Urina
Word Origin:
Vein
Latin vena
Word Origin:
Bladder
Old English Blaedre
Word Origin:
Drug
Old Dutch droog
Word Origin:
Heart
Old English
heorte
Word Origin:
Physician
Old French
Physicien
Greek and Latin:
Intestine
Greek: enter/o-
Latin: intestin/o-
Greek and Latin:
Nerve
Greek: Neur/o-
Latin nerv/o-
Greek and Latin:
Skin
Greek: dermat/o-
Latin: integument/o-
Plural for Greek singular noun ends in:
-is
Form plural by changing -is to:
-ides
Plural for Greek singular noun ending in:
-nx
Form the plural by changing -nx to:
-nges
Plural for Greek singular noun ending in:
-oma
Form the plural by changing -oma:
-omata
Plural for Greek singular noun ending in:
-on
Form the plural by changing -on to:
-a
Plural for Latin singular noun ends in:
-a
Form the plural by changing -a to:
-ae
Plural for Latin singular noun ending in:
-us
Form the plural by changing -us to:
-i
Plural for Latin singular noun ending in:
-um
Form the plural by changing -um to:
-a
Plural for Latin singular noun ending in:
-is
Form the plural by changing -is to:
-es
Plural for Latin singular noun ends in:
-ex
Form the plural by changing -es to:
-ices
Prefix
An optional word beginning
Combining Form
The foundation of a medical word
Suffix
A word ending
What characteristic does a combining form have?
- Foundation of a Medical word
- Main medical meaning
- Has a root, a forward slash, a combining vowel, and a hyphen (combining vowels: usually an O, but occasionally it is an a, e, i, or y.
- Some combining forms will have two forms: i.e. Gastrointestinal (gastr/o- and intestin/o-)
- Two combining forms can have the same medical meaning because each is from a different language.
Abdomen
Abdomin/o-
Lapar/o-
Artery
Arteri/o-
Intestine
Intestin/o-
Enter/o-
Muscle
Muscul/o-
Thyroid gland
Thyroid/o-
Tonsil
Tonsill/o-
Vein
Ven/o-
Joint
arthr/o
Heart
Cardi/o-
Skin
Dermat/o-
Stomach
Gastr/o-
Breast
Mamm/o-
Nose
Nas/o-
Rib
Cost/o-
Blue
Cyan/o-
Liver
Hepat/o-
White
Leuk/o-
Suffixes for an Adjective
-ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -ic, -ine, -ive, -ous
-ac
Pertaining to
Ex. Cardiac (Pertaining to the Heart)
-al
Pertaining to
Ex. Intestinal (Pertaining to the Intestines)
-ar
Pertaining to
Ex. Muscular (Pertaining to a muscle)
-ary
Pertaining to
Ex. Urinary (Pertaining to the Urine)
-ic
Pertaining to
Ex. Pelvic (Pertaining to the pelvis)
-ine
Pertaining to
Ex. Uterine (Pertaining to the Uterus)
-ive
Pertaining to
Ex. Digestive (Pertaining to break down food)
-ous
Pertaining to
Ex. Venous (Pertaining to a Vein)
-ation
Being; having; process
Ex. Urination (Process (of making) urine)
-ion
Action; condition
Ex. Digestion (action (to) break down food)
Suffixes for a Process:
- ation
- ion
Suffixes for a disease
-ia, -ism, -itis, -megaly, -oma, -osis, -paths
-ia
Condition; state; thing
Ex. Pneumonia (condition (of the) lung)
-ism
Disease from a specific cause; process
Ex. Hypothyroidism (disease from a specific cause (of) deficient thyroid gland (hormone))
-itis
Infection of; inflammation of
Ex. Tonsillitis (Infection of (the) tonsil)
-megaly
Enlargement
Ex. Cardiomegaly (enlargement (of the) heart)
-oma
Mass; Tumor
Ex. Neuroma (tumor (on a) nerve)
-osis
Abnormal condition; process
Ex. Vaginosis (abnormal condition (of the) vagina)
-pathy
Disease
Ex. Arthropathy (disease (of the) Joint)
-ectomy
Surgical Removal
Ex. Tonsillectomy (surgical removal (of the) Tonsils
-gram
Picture; Record
Ex. Mammogram (picture (of the) breast)
-graphy
Process of recording
Ex. Arteriography (process of recording (an) artery)
-metry
Process of measuring
Ex. Densitometry (process of measuring (the) density (of bone))
-scope
Instrument used to examine
Ex. Colonoscope (instrument used to examine (the) colon)
-scopy
Process of using an instrument to examine
Ex. Gastroscopy (process of using an instrument to examine (the) stomach)
-tomy
Process of making an incision
Ex. Laparotomy (Process of making an incision (in the) abdomen)
Suffix for medical speciality or specialists
-iatry, -ics, -ist, -logy
-iatry
Medical treatment
Ex. Psychiatry (Medical treatment (for the) mind)
-ics
Knowledge; practice
Ex. Obstetrics (knowledge and practice (of) pregnancy and children)
-ist
Person who specializes in; thing that specializes in
Ex. Therapist ( person who specializes in treatment)
-logy
Study of
Ex. Cardiology (study of (the) heart)
Prefixes for Location or Direction
Epi-, inter-, intra-, peri-, post-, pre-, sub-, trans-
Epi-
Above; upon
Ex. Epidermal (pertaining to upon (the) skin)
Inter-
Between
Ex. Intercostal (pertaining to between (the) ribs)
Intra-
Within
Ex. Intravenous (pertaining to within (a) vein)
Peri-
Around
Ex. Pericardial (pertaining to around (the) heart)
Post-
After; behind
Ex. Postnasal (pertaining to behind (the) nose)
Pre-
Before; in front of
Ex. Prenatal (Pertaining to before (a) birth)
Sub-
Below; underneath; less than
Ex. Subcutaneous (pertaining to underneath (the) skin)
Trans-
Across; through
Ex. Transvaginal (pertaining to through (the) vagina)
Prefixes for amount, number, or speed
Bi-, Brady-, hemi-, hyper-, hypo-, poly-, quadri-, tachy-, Tri-
Bi-
Two
Ex. Bilateral (pertaining to two sides)
Brady-
Slow
Ex. Bradycardia (condition (of a) slow heart)
Hemi-
One half
Ex. Hemiplegia (condition (of) on half (of the body with a) paralysis)
Hyper-
Above; more than normal
Ex. Hypertension (condition (of) more than normal pressure)
Hypo-
Below; Deficient
Ex. Hypothyroidism (disease from a specific cause (of) deficient thyroid gland (hormone))
Poly-
Many; much
Ex. Polyneuritis (inflammation of many nerves)
Quadri-
Four
Ex. Quadriplegia (condition (of) four (limbs with) paralysis
Tachy-
Fast
Ex. Tachycardia (condition (of a) fast heart)
Tri-
Three
Ex. Trigeminal (pertaining to three (nerve branches in a) group)
An-
Not; without
Ex. Anesthesia (condition (of being) without sensation)
Anti-
Against
Ex. Antibiotic (pertaining to (a drug that is) against living organisms)
Dys-
Abnormal; difficult; painful
Ex. Dysphagia (condition (of) difficult (or) painful eating (and) Swallowing)
Re-
Again and again; backward; unable to
Ex. Respiration (process (of) again and again (to) breathe)
Prefixes for Degree or Quality
An-, anti-, dys-, re-
Anatomical Position
Laying down face up, palms face up and eyes forward
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides the body in the midline into right and left sides.
Coronal Plane
AKA: Frontal Plane
Vertical plane that divides the body in the midline into front and back section.
Moving towards the midline
Midline
Moving away or from the midline toward either side of the body
Lateral
The front of the body
Anterior or ventral
Moving toward the front of the body
Anterior or Anteriorly
The back of the body is
Posterior or Dorsal
Moving from the midline toward the back
Posterior direction.
Prone position
Laying face down is being in a prone position
Dorsal supine Position
Lying on the back is being in the dorsal supine position.
Transverse Plane
Horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections.
The upper part of transverse plane
Superior
The lower part of transverse plane
Inferior
Moving from midline toward the head is moving:
Superior or Superiorly
Also called the cephalad direction
Moving from the midline toward the tailbone is moving:
Inferior direction or Inferiorly
Also called Caudad
Distal
Moving from the trunk of the body toward the end of the arm or leg.
Proximal
Moving from the end of an arm or leg toward its point of attachment of the trunk.
Hemat/o-
Blood
Cav/o-
Hollow space
Body cavity
Hollow space surrounded by bones or muscles that support and protect organs and structures within the cavity. There are five body cavities.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Body cavity formed by the combined abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Pelv/o-
Hip bone; pelvis; renal pelvis
Tom/o-
Cut; layer; slice
Body plane
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two parts. There are three planes: The sagittal plane, coronal plane, and transverse plane.
Body quadrants
Four divisions on the anterior surface of the abdominopelvic area: Left upper quadrant (LUQ), right upper quadrant (RUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ), and right lower quadrant (RLQ).
Body Regions
Nine divisions on the anterior surface of the abdominopelvic area: Hypochondriac regions (Left and Right), Epigastric region, Lumbar Region (Left and Right), umbilical region, inguinal regions (Left and Right), and the hypogastric region.
Body system
Several organs and related structures that function together.
Cardiovascular system
Body system that includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and related structures. It transports the blood throughout the body.
Dentistry
Medical specialty related to the teeth. The medical specialist is a dentist.
Dietetics
Medical specialty related to diet and nutrition. The health care specialists are dietitians and nutritionists.
Physiology
Study of the functions of the human body
Cranial cavity
Body cavity within the bony cranium of the head; it contains the brain, cranial nerves, and the related structures.
Disease
Any change in the normal structure or function of the body.
Endocrine system
Body system that includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. It secretes hormones and maintains body homeostasis.
Endocrinology
Medical specialty related to the endocrine system. The physician specialist is an endocrinologist.
Epigastric region
Region on the anterior surface of the abdominopelvic area, superior to the umbilical region.
Etiology
Cause or origin of a disease.
External
Body position on the outer, superficial surface of the body of an organ
Gastroenterology
Medical specialty related to the gastrointestinal system. The physician specialist is a gastroenterologist.
Gastrointestinal system
Body system that includes the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and related structures. It digests food, absorbs nutrients and removes undirected wastes. It sends sensory information to the brain fro that sense of taste.
Geriatrics
Medical specialty related to older adults. The physician specialist is a geriatrician or a gerontologist.
Gynecology
Medical specialty related to the female genitalia system. The physician specialist is a gynecologist.
Health
State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
Acute
Symptoms and signs of diseases that are sudden in nature and severe in intensity
Asymptomatic
Showing no symptoms or signs of disease.
Chronic
Symptoms and signs of disease that continue for 3 months or longer.
Congenital disease
Caused by an abnormality in fetal development or an abnormal process that occurs during gestation or birth
Degenerative Disease
Caused by progressive destruction of cells due to disease or the aging process
Disability
Permanent loss of the ability to perform certain activities or function in a given way.
Disease
ANy change in the normal structure or function of the body.
Environmental Disease
Caused by exposure to substances in the environment.
Etiology
The cause or origin of a disease.
Exacerbation
Sudden worsening in the severity of symptoms or signs.
Genetic disease
Caused by a mutation in a person’s genes or chromosomes during fetal development.
Hereditary disease
Caused by an inherited recessive defective gene, passed to a child from a parent who carries the defective gene but does not have the disease.
Hospital-acquired infection
Caused by exposure to a disease-causing agent while in the hospital. Previously known as a nosocomial infection.
Iatrogenic disease
Caused by medicine or treatment given to the patient.
Idiopathic disease
Having no identifiable or confirmed cause
Infectious disease
Caused by a pathogen. A communicable disease is an infectious disease that is transmitted by direct or indirect contact with an infected person, animal, or insect.
Neoplasticism disease
Caused by the growth of a benign (not cancerous) or a malignant (cancerous) tumor or mass.
Nutritional disease
Caused by lack of nutritious food, too little good, or an inability to utilize the food that is eaten.
Pathogen
Disease-causing microorganism, such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, etc.
Prognosis
Predicted course and outcome of a disease
Recuperation
Process of recovery and return to a normal state of health.
Refractory
Pertaining to a disease that does not respond well to treatment.
Remission
Temporary improvement in the symptoms or signs of a disease without the underlying disease being cured
Sequela
complication that is caused by the original disease and remains after the original disease has resolved.
Sign
Symptom that can be seen or detected by others
Surgery
Operative procedure to treat a disease that cannot be treated with drugs or therapy.
Symptom
Any deviation from health that is experienced and felt by the patient
Symptomatology
Clinical picture of all the patient’s symptoms and signs
Syndrome
Set of symptoms and signs associated with and characteristic of a specific disease.
Subacute
Symptoms and signs that are less severe in intensity than acute symptoms
Terminal illness
Disease from which there is no hope o recovery and one that will eventually result in the patient’s death.
