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Medical Terminology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Body system that includes endocrine glands in various locations in the body that produce and secrete hormones directly into the blood.
These glands include the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.

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2
Q

Gland

A

Structure of the endocrine system that produces and secretes one or more hormones into the blood.

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body. The endocrine system plays a role in homeostasis by using hormones to regulate body fluids, electrolytes, glucose, cellular metabolism, growth, and the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm).

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4
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger of the endocrine system that is produced by a gland and secreted into the blood. It exerts an effect on a gland or an organ that has a receptor for that specific hormone to bind to.

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5
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endocrine gland in the brain that is connected by a stalk of tissue to the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland sits in the bony cup of the sella Turkic a in the sphenoid bone.
It is the “master gland of the body.” Also known as the hypophysis. It consists of an anterior lobe and posterior lobe, each of which has a different endocrine function.

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6
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete its hormones.

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Lobe of the pituitary gland that produces and secretes seven hormones: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
Also known as the adenohypophysis because it is a true gland.

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8
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it stimulates follicles in the ovary to produce mature ova and to secrete the hormone estradiol.
In males, it stimulates the seminiferous tubules of the testes to produce spermatozoa

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9
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Category of hormones that stimulates the male and female sex glands (gonads). It includes FSH and LH

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10
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
It stimulates growth and protein synthesis in all cells. It increases height and weight during childhood and puberty

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11
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
In females, it stimulates a follicle in the ovary to release a mature ovum each month. It stimulates the corpus luteum (ruptured ovarian follicle) to secrete estradiol and progesterone.
In males, it stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone.

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12
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, it is secreted in pregnant women and stimulates melanocytes in the skin to produce melanin. This causes a darkened pigmentation on the face and abdomen.

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13
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It stimulates the development of the breasts during puberty and stimulates them to produce milk for breast feeding.

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14
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
It stimulates the thyroid gland to grow and to secrete the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

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15
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Hormone produced by the hypothalamus but stored in and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
ADH acts on the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water back into the blood.
This decreases urine output and helps to maintain a normal blood volume and blood pressure.

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16
Q

Oxytocin (OXT)

A

Hormone produced by the hypothalamus but stored in and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. It stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract during labor and childbirth and causes the uterus to contract after birth to prevent hemorrhaging.
It stimulates the breasts to release milk for breastfeeding.

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17
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Lobe of the pituitary gland that stores and secretes ADH and oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus; it secretes these hormones in response to a nerve impulse from the hypothalamus. Also known as the neurohypophysis.

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Endocrine gland in the brain just below the thalamus. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
It also produces oxytocin hormone and antidiuretic hormone that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

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19
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone secreted by the pineal gland.

It regulates the 24 hour sleep-wake cycle and the onset and duration of sleep.

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20
Q

Pineal gland

A

Endocrine gland between the two lobes of the thalamus. It secretes the hormone melatonin.

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21
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland.
It regulates the amount of calcium in the blood. If the calcium level is too high, calcitonin suppresses bone breakdown and increase the excretion of calcium in the urine.

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22
Q

Euthyroidism

A

Steady state of normal functioning of the thyroid gland producing and secreting its hormones.

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23
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Most of it is changed into T3 by the liver.

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24
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Endocrine gland in the neck that secretes the hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin when stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary gland.

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25
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four small endocrine glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone.e

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26
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands. It regulates the amount of calcium in the blood.
If the calcium level is too low, parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of calcium from the bones and into the blood.

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27
Q

Thymus

A

Endocrine gland posterior to the sternum and within the mediastinum. It secretes hormones called thymosins.

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28
Q

Thymosin

A

Secreted by the thymus. It causes immature T cell lymphocytes in the thymus to mature.

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29
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone secreted by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans. It stimulates the liver to convert glycogen (glucose stored in the liver) to glucose and realest it into the blood.

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30
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar that is the main source of energy for cellular metabolism. Glucose in the blood comes from digested foods and from glycogen when it is converted into glucose by the hormone glucagon.

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31
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose stored in the liver. it is converted to glucose by the hormone glucagon from the pancreas and by the hormone cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

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32
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone secreted by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. It transports glucose into the cells where it is metabolized for energy.

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33
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine gland posterior to the stomach. it contains the islets of Langerhans (alpha, bets, and delta cells) that secrete the hormones glucagon, insulin and somatostatin.

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34
Q

Somatostatin

A

Hormone secreted by delta cells in the islets of Langerhans.
It inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the pancreas. It inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

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35
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer layer of the adrenal gland.
When stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland, the adrenal cortex secretes three groups of hormones: mineralocoritocoids (primarily aldosterone), glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol), and androgens (male sex hormones).

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36
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands on top of the kidneys. the adrenal gland consists of two parts: the cortex (an outer layer) and the medulla (an inner layer), each of which is a gland that secretes to own hormones.

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37
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes the hormones norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine.

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38
Q

Aldosterone

A

Most abundant and biologically active of the mineralocorticoid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.
When the blood pressure is low, aldosterone causes reabsorption of sodium and water from tubules in the kidney into the blood.
This increases the blood volume and the blood pressure.

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39
Q

Androgens

A

Group of male sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and by the testes. It includes testosterone, the most abundant and biologically active of the androgens.

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40
Q

Cortisol

A

Most abundant and biologically active of the glucocorticoid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.
It stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose to increase the level of glucose in the blood.
It decreases the formation of proteins and new tissues, and it has an anti-inflammatory effect.

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41
Q

Dopamine

A

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla during times of stress. It is also a neurotransmitter between the brain and spinal cord of the nervous system.

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42
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to a nerve impulse from the sympathetic division of the nervous system during times of danger or anger.
It produces the “fight-or-flight” response.

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43
Q

glucocorticoids

A

Group of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, of which aldosterone is the most abundant and biologically active.

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44
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Group of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, of which aldosterone is the most abundant and biologically active.

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45
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. It is also a neurotransmitter between the brain and the spinal cord of the nervous system.

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46
Q

Estradiol

A

Most abundant and biologically active of all the female sex hormones. Estradiol is secreted by the follicles and corpus luteum of the ovary when stimulated by FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.

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47
Q

Ovaries

A

Endocrine glands near the uterus; they are the female sex glands (gonads). FSH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the follicles of the ovary to secrete estradiol.
LH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estradiol and progesterone.
The cells around the follicles secrete the male sex hormone testosterone.

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48
Q

Progesterone

A

Female sex hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary when stimulated by LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

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49
Q

Testes

A

Endocrine glands on either side of the scrotum; they are the male sex glands (gonads). Also known as testicles.
FSH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates their seminiferous tubules to produce spermatozoa. LH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates their interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.

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50
Q

Testosterone

A

Most abundant and biologically active of the male sex hormones. Testosterone is secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes when stimulated by LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

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51
Q

Antagonism

A

Process in which two hormones exert opposite effects

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52
Q

Inhibition

A

Action of a hormone that inhibits an endocrine gland from secreting its hormones

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53
Q

Receptor

A

Structure on the cell membrane of an organ or gland where a hormone binds and exerts an effect.

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54
Q

Stimulation

A

Action of a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to secrete its hormones or stimulates a receptor on an organ or tissue.

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55
Q

Synergism

A

Process in which two hormones work together to accomplish an enhanced effect.

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56
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

Hypersecretion of one or all of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It is caused by a benign tumor (adenine) in the anterior pituitary gland.
Treatment: Drug therapy to suppress secretion of the hormones or surgery to remover the adenoma, with radiation therapy to destroy any remaining adenoma.

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57
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Hyposecretion of one or more of the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It is caused by an injury or a defect in the anterior pituitary gland.
Panhypopituitarism is hyposecretion of all of the hormones.
Treatment: Drug therapy to replace the hormones

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58
Q

Galactorrhea

A

Hypersecretion of prolactin. It is caused by an adenoma in the anterior pituitary gland. In women, the high level of prolactin stimulates the breasts to produce milk, even though the patient is not pregnant.

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59
Q

Failure of lactation

A

Hyposecretion of prolactin. It is cause by a defect in the anterior pituitary gland. The low level of prolactin prevents the development of the lactiferous lobules.

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60
Q

Gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty.

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61
Q

Acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood. It is caused by an adenoma in the anterior pituitary gland.

62
Q

Dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty. It is caused by a defect in the anterior pituitary gland.

63
Q

Syndromes of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

Hypersecretion of ADH. It is caused by an adenoma in the posterior pituitary gland. The high level of ADH acts on the kidneys to increase reabsorption of excessive amounts of water and some sodium from the kidney tubules back into the blood.

64
Q

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

Hyposecretion of ADH. It is caused by a defect in the posterior pituitary gland, a brain infection, head trauma, or heredity. The low level of ADH decreases reabsorption of sodium and water from the kidney tubules and so excessive amounts of water are excreted in the urine.

65
Q

Uterine intertia

A

Hyposecretion of oxytocin. It is caused by a defect in the posterior pituitary gland. Before a woman gives birth, the low level of oxytocin in her blood causes weak and uncoordinated contractions of the pregnant uterus. This prolongs labor and delays the birth of the baby.

66
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

Hypersecretion of Melatonin. The exact cause is not known. Melatonin is normally secreted during the night. The longer nights and decreased hours of sunshine during the winter months may disrupt the body’s circadian rhythm and increase the secretion of melatonin.

67
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones. It is caused by an adenoma in the thyroid gland.
The high levels of T3 and T4 cause tremors of the hands, tachycardia, palpitations, restlessness, nervousness, diarrhea, insomnia, fatigue, and generalized weight loss.

68
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Most common type of hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune disease in which the body produces antibodies that stimulate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland, and this increase the production of thyroid hormones.
The entire thyroid gland becomes enlarged and there is exophthalmos.

69
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Eyes pop out

70
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones. It is usually caused by an inadequate amount of iodine in the diet. It can also be caused by hyposecretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland or by treatments for hyperthyroidism that remove the thyroid gland.

71
Q

Thyroid carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland. There is hoarseness, neck pain, and enlargement of the thyroid gland and nearby cancerous lymph nodes.
Surgery to remove the thyroid gland, with radiation therapy to destroy the remaining thyroid gland.

72
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone. It is caused by an adenoma in the parathyroid gland. The high level of parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of too much calcium from the bones, and the calcium level in the blood is too high.

73
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone. It is caused by the accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery to remove the thyroid gland.
Treatment: Parathyroid hormone supplement drug

74
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

Hypersecretion of insulin. It is caused by an adenoma in the pancreas. The high level of insulin causes hypoglycemia. There is shakiness, headache, sweating, dizziness, and even fainting.
If untreated, hypoglycemia can progress to insulin shock and then coma as the blood glucose level becomes too low to support brain activity.
Treatment: supplemental sugar drink or dextrose intravenous fluids; surgery to remove the adenoma.

75
Q

Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS)

A

hypersecretion of insulin. this is not caused by an adenoma. It occurs when receptors on body cells develop a resistance and do not allow insulin to transport glucose into the cell.

76
Q

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

Hyposecretion of insulin. It is caused by an inability of the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin. A person who has diabetes mellitus is a diabetic.

77
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

A high level of ketones in the blood. This occurs in untreated or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus when there is no insulin to metabolize glucose for cellular energy, and the body turns to other sources of energy such as fat or protein.

78
Q

Hyperaldosteronism

A

Hypersecretion of aldosterone. It is caused by an adenoma in the adrenal cortex.

79
Q

Hypoaldosteronism

A

Hyposecretion of aldosterone. it is caused by a defect in the adrenal cortex. There is dizziness, a low level of sodium in the blood, weakness, and decreased blood pressure.

80
Q

Cushing disease and syndrome

A

Cushing disease is caused by hypersecretion of cortisol from an adenoma in the adrenal cortex. Cushing syndrome occurs in a patient who takes corticosteroid drugs on a long-term basis.

81
Q

Addison disease

A

Hyposecretion of cortisol. This is an autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies that destroy the adrenal cortex. Also known as adrenal insufficiency.

82
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of androgens. It is caused by an adenoma in the adrenal gland. In girls, the clitoris and labia enlarge and resemble a penis and scrotum. In boys, it causes precocious puberty. In adul females, It causes virility and masculine facial features and body builds hirsute skin and amenorrhea.

83
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Hypersecretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine because of an adenoma in the adrenal medulla. This type of adenoma has a characteristic appearance of gray-tan tissue.

84
Q

Precocious puberty

A

Hypersecretion of estradiol in a female child. It is caused by an adenoma in the ovary.

85
Q

Infertility

A

Hyposecretion of estradiol in an adult female or an imbalance in the amount of estradiol and progesterone. There is a lack of ovulation, abnormal menstruation, or a history of miscarriages.

86
Q

Menopause

A

Hyposecretion of estradiol in an adult female. This is a normal result of the aging process in which the ovaries secrete less and less estradiol. It can also be caused by surgical removal of the ovaries due to cancer.

87
Q

Precocious puberty

A

Hypersecretion of testosterone in a male child. it is caused by an adenoma in the testis.

88
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Hyposecretion of testosterone in an adult male. This is a normal result of the aging process in which the testes secrete less testosterone.

89
Q

Infertility

A

Hyposecretion of testosterone in an adult male. It is caused by failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum before birht.

90
Q

Antithyroglobuolin antibodies

A

Test that detects antibodies against thyroglobulin. A positive test result indicates Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves’ disease.

91
Q

Calcium test

A

Test that measures the level of calcium to determine if the parathyroid gland is secreting a normal amount of parathyroid hormone.

92
Q

Cortisol level

A

Test that measures the level of cortisol to determine if the adrenal cortex is secreting a normal amount of cortisol.

93
Q

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

Test that measures the blood glucose level after the patient has fasted for at least 12 hours. The result indicate if the pancreas is secreting a normal amount of insulin.

94
Q

FSH assay and LH assay

A

Test that measures the levels of FSH and LH to determine if the anterior pituitary gland is secreting a normal amount of these hormones. Part of an infertility work up for men and women.

95
Q

Glucose self-testing

A

Self-test that measure the level of glucose. Patients with diabetes test their own blood glucose level one or more times each day.

96
Q

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

Test that measure the level of glucose to determine if the pancreas is secreting a normal amount of insulin. After the patient has fasted for 12 hours, a blood specimen is obtained.

97
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Test that measures the level of GH to determine if the anterior pituitary gland is secreting a normal amount of growth hormone.

98
Q

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c

A

Test that measures the A1c fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin A1c binds with glucose in the blood. Because red blood cells only live about 12 weeks, the hemoglobin A1c result indicates the average level of blood glucose during the previous 12 weeks.

99
Q

Testosterone

A

Test that measures the levels of total testosterone and free testosterone to determine if the testes are secreting a normal amount of testosterone.

100
Q

Thyroid function tests (TFTs)

A

Test that measure the levels of T3 and T4 and TSH to determine if the thyroid gland is secreting normal amounts of thyroid hormones.

101
Q

ADH stimulation test

A

Test that measures the level of estradiol to determine if the ovaries are secreting a normal amount.

102
Q

Urine dipstick

A

Test that measures glucose, ketones, and other substances in the urine.

103
Q

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA

A

A 24 hour urine test that measures the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine to determine if the adrenal medulla is secreting a normal amount of these hormones. VMA, a by-product of these hormones, is measured.

104
Q

radioactive Iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid scan

A

Procedure that combines a thyroid scan with a radioactive iodine uptake procedure. The thyroid scan shows the size and shape of the thyroid gland. The radioactive iodine uptake shows how well the thyroid gland is able to absorb radioactive iodine from the blood.

105
Q

Thyroid ultrasonography

A

Procedure that uses sound waves generated by a transducer that is placed on the neck. It shows thyroid enlargement and thyroid nodules.

106
Q

ADA diet

A

Special physician-prescribed diet for diabetic patients that follows the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). The amounts of carbohydrate and fat are limited. The physician orders the upper limit for the total daily number of calories for a diabetic patient in the hospital.

107
Q

Antidiabetic drug

A

Treats type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to secrete more insulin or by increasing the number oof insulin receptor on cells.
These drugs are given orally.

108
Q

Anti thyroid drug

A

Treats hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the production of T3 and T4. Anti thyroid drugs are given orally on a continuing basis. Alternately, radioactive sodium iodide131 is given orally but it acts in an entirely different way.

109
Q

Corticosteroid drug

A

Mimics he action of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. It is used to treat severe inflammation and as hormone replacement therapy for Addison disease.

110
Q

Growth hormone supplement drug

A

Provide growth hormone

111
Q

Insulin

A

Treats type 1 and type 1.5 diabetes mellitus. It can also be used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus that cannot be controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs.

112
Q

Thyroid supplement drug

A

Treats a lack of thyroid hormones and hypothyroidism

113
Q

Adrenal to my

A

Procedure to remove the adrenal gland because of an adenoma or cancerous tumor.

114
Q

Fine-needle biopsy

A

Procedure that uses a fine needle to take a small sample of tissue from a thyroid nodule. The tissue is sent to the pathology department to determine if the nodule is benign or cancerous.

115
Q

Parathyroidectomy

A

Procedure to remove one or more of the parathyroid glands to treat hyperparathyroidism. Also, a parathyroidectomy can occur accidentally when part of the thyroid gland is surgically removed.

116
Q

Thymectomy

A

Procedure to remove the thymus in patients with myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease.

117
Q

Thyroidectomy

A

Procedure to remove the thyroid gland. All of the thyroid gland can be removed or just one part or just one lobe.

118
Q

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

A

Procedure to remove an adenoma from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is difficult to visualize through an incision in the cranium, so the surgical instruments are inserted through the nose and an incision is made in the sphenoid sinus.

119
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

120
Q

ADA

A

American Diabetes Association, American Dietetic Association

121
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone

122
Q

AODM

A

Adult-onset diabetes mellitus

123
Q

CDE

A

Certified diabetes educator

124
Q

CGM

A

Continuous glucose monitoring

125
Q

DI

A

Diabetes mellitus

126
Q

FBG

A

Fasting blood glucose

127
Q

FBS

A

Fasting blood sugar

128
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

129
Q

FTI

A

Free thyroxine index

130
Q

GDM

A

Gestational diabetes mellitus

131
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone

132
Q

GTT

A

Glucose tolerance test

133
Q

HbA1c

A

Hemoglobin A1c

134
Q

IDDM

A

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

135
Q

IRS

A

Insulin resistance syndrome

136
Q

LADA

A

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

137
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

138
Q

MSH

A

Melanocytes-stimulating hormone

139
Q

NIDDM

A

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

140
Q

OGTT

A

Oral glucose tolerance test

141
Q

OXT

A

Oxytocin

142
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin

143
Q

RAIU

A

Radioactive iodine uptake

144
Q

SAD

A

Seasonal Affective disorder

145
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

146
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

147
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

148
Q

T7

A

Free thyroxine index (FTI)

149
Q

TFTs

A

Thyroid function tests

150
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

151
Q

VMA

A

Vanillylmandelic acid

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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