Chapter 10 Flashcards
Urinary system
The structures of the urinary system include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
This body system is also known as the urinary tract, genitourinary system, urogenital system, and the excretory system.
Functions are to remove waste products of cellular metabolism by producing, transporting, storing, and excreting urine.
Calyx
Collecting area at each tip of medulla that collects urine.
Several minor calices drain into a larger major calyx.
Cortex
Layer of tissue beneath the fibrous capsule of the kidney
Flank
Area on the back (between the ribs and the hip bone) that overlies the kidneys
Hilum
Indentation in the medial side of each kidney where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit.
Kidney
Organ of the urinary system that produces urine.
Medulla
Layer of tissue beneath the cortex of the kidney. Each tip of medulla connects to a minor calyx.
Renal pelvis
Large, funnel-shaped area within the kidney. It collects urine from the major calices.
The renal pelvis narrows to become the ureter.
Retropritoneal space
Area behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are located there, surrounded by fatty tissue.
Peristalsis
Process of smooth muscle contractions that move urine through the ureter
Ureter
Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. It is located in the abdominal cavity.
Ureteral Orifice
Opening at the end of the ureter as it enters the bladder.
Bladder
Expandable reservoir for holding urine. It is located in the pelvic cavity.
fundus
Round top or dome of the bladder
Internal urethral sphincter
Muscular ring in the bladder neck. It relaxes when the bladder is full so that urine can flow into the urethra. This sphincter is not under conscious control.
Mucosa
Mucous membrane that lines the bladder
Rugae
Folds in the mucosa of the bladder that disappear as the bladder fills with urine.
External urethral sphincter
Muscular ring in the urethra that can be consciously controlled to release or hold back urine.
In a male, it is located below the prostate gland.
In a female, it is located near the end of the urethra.
Penis
Structure that is part of the male reproductive system.
In a male, the urethra passses through the length of the penis as the penile urethra.
Prostate gland
Gland that is part of the male reproductive system.
In a male, the urethra passes through the center of the prostate gland as the prostatic urethra.
Urethra
Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
In a male, it goes through the prostate gland and down the length of the penis.
In a female, it is a short tube, ending near the external opening of the vagina.
Urethral meats
Opening at the end of the urethra that leads to the outside of the body.
Male = located at the tip of the penis
Female = located just anterior to the external opening of the vagina.
Electrolytes
Chemical elements that have a positive or negative electrical charge and conduct electricity when dissolved in a solution.
They include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-).
Erythropoietin
hormone secreted by the kidneys when the number of red blood cells in the blood decreases.
Stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
Homeostasis
Normal and constant internal environment of the body. the kidneys help maintain this.
Nutritional substances
Include glucose, albumin, vitamins, and electrolytes.
These must not be excreted in the urine unless there is an excessive amount in the blood.
Parenchyma
Functional or working tissue of the kidney.
Renin
Enzyme secreted by the kidneys when the blood pressure is low. It stimulates the production of another substance, which, in turn, produces another substance that causes sodium and water to be reabsorbed into the blood, thus increasing the blood pressure.
Urination
Process of excreting urine from the body.
AKA known as voicing or micturition.
Urine
Water, waste products and other substances excreted by the kidneys.
Waste products of metabolism
Include urea, creatinine, uric acid, and the products of drug metabolism.
Collecting duct
Large duct that collects fluid from the distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons. The final step of secretion takes place there, and the fluid that remains is urine.
Distal convoluted tubule
Tubule of the nephron that begins at the nephron loop and ends at the collecting duct. Reabsorption takes place there.
Filtration
First step in the formation of urine. Process in which water, some nutritional substances, and wastes in the blood are pushed through pores in the capillaries of the glomerulus.
the resulting fluid is filtrate.
Glomerular capsule
First part of the nephron. It is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects filtrate.
Glomerulus
Network of intertwining capillaries within the glomerular capsule. Filtration takes place there.
Nephron
Microscopic, functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine production.
Nephron loop
U-shaped tubule of the nephron that begins at the proximal convoluted tubule and ends at the distal convoluted tubule.
Proximal convoluted tubule
Coiled tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule
Reabsorption takes place there.
Reabsorption
Second step in the formation of urine. Process by which most of the water and nutritional substances in the filtrate move out of the tubule and return to the blood in a nearby capillary.
Secretion
Third and final step in the formation of urine.
Process by which specific substances mover form the blood into the collecting duct.
Glomerulonephritis
Infection and inflammation of the glomeruli. This complication develops after an acute infection caused by streptococcal bacteria or by viruses.
Hydronephrosis
Condition in which urine distends the renal pelvis and calices rays ureter.
This happens when a blood clot, infection, or a kidney stone blocks the flow of urine.
Caliectasis
The calices of the kidney are enlarged due to hydronephrosis
Hydroureter
Only the ureter is enlarged due to hydronephrosis
GU
Genitourinary
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of a kidney stone in the urinary system. Kidney stones can vary size from microscopic to large and can be numerous or large enough to fill the renal pelvis or block the ureter.
Nephropathy
Any disease of the kidney
- Diabetic nephropathy involves progressive damage cause by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
- Kidney infection can cause the capillaries of the glomerulus to harden.
Nephroptosis
Abnormally low position of a kidney
Nephrotic syndrome
Damage to the pores of the capillaries of the glomerulus. this allows large amount of albumin to leak into the urine, decreasing the amount of protein in the blood.
Polycystic kidney disease
hereditary disease characterized by cysts in the kidney. this progressive degenerative disease eventually destroys the nephrons, causing kidney failure.
Pyelonephritis
Infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis o the kidney.
It is caused by a bacterial infection of the bladder that ascends the treaters and goes into the kidneys.
Renal cell Cancer
Cancerous tumor that begins in the epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.
Wilma tumor
Cancer of embryo all cells that still remain in the kidney.
Renal failure
Disease in which the kidneys decrease and then stop producing urine. this is due to an acute or chronic disease process.
Acute kidney injury (AKI)
Occurs suddenly and is usually due to trauma, severe blood loss, or overwhelming infection.
Caused by acute tubular necrosis, the sudden destruction of large numbers of nephrons and their tubules.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
begins with renal insufficiency, followed by gradual worsening with progressive damage to the kidneys from chronic, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
the final, irreversible stage of chronic renal failure in which there is little or no remaining kidney function.
Uremia
AN excessive amount of the waste product urea in the blood because of renal failure.
the kidneys are unable to remove urea, and it reaches a toxic level in the blood.
urinary tract infection (UTI)
Bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract. it is most often caused by escherichia coli, which is normally found in the intestines and rectum.
Bladder cancer
Cancerous tumor of the epithelial cells lining the bladder most commonly seen in men over age 60.
Cystitis
Infection or inflammation of the bladder.
Often caused by bacteria in the urethra that ascend into the bladder, particularly in women because of the short length of the urethra.
Interstitial cystitis
A chronic, progressive infection in which the bladder mucosa becomes extremely irritated and red, with bleeding. Radiation cystitis is cuased by the irritating effects of radiation therapy given to treat bladder cancer.
Cystocele
Hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum.
Incontinenece
Inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder. it can be due to a spinal cord injury, surgery on the prostate gland, unconsciousness, or a mental condition such as dementia.
Neurogenic bladder
urnary retention due to a lack of innervation of the nerves to the bladder.
SUI
Stress urinary incontinence
Caused by weak pelvic floor muscles from childbirth or menopause.
Overactive bladder
urinary urgency and frequency due to involuntary contractions of the bladder wall as the bladder fills with urine.
Urinary retention
Inability to empty the bladder because of an obstruction, nerve damage, or as a side effect of certain drugs.
Vesicovaginal fistula
Formation of an abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina. Fine flows into the vagina and leaks continually to the outside of the body.
Urethritis
Infection or inflammation of the urethra.
gonococcal urethritis is a symptom of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Albuminuria
Presence of albumin in the urine.
Albumin is the major protein in the blood, and so this is also called proteinuria.
Anuria
Absence of urine production by the kidneys because of acute or chronic renal failure.
Bacteriuria
Presence of bacteria in the urine
Normally, urine is sterile. Bacteria indicate an infection somewhere in the urinary tract.
Dysuria
Difficult or painful urination. It can be due to many factors
Enuresis
Involuntary release of urine in an otherwise normal person who should have bladder control.
Frequency
Urinating often, usually in small amounts. This can be due to a kidney stone or an enlarged prostate gland that partially block the flow of urine from the ladder.
Glycosuria
Glucose in the urine. this is an indication of an elevated blood sugar level that “spills over” into the urine, as seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Hematuria
Blood in the urine. Hematuria can be gross or frank blood, or it can be microscopic hematuria that can only be detected with urine testing.
Hesitancy
Inability to initiate a normal stream of urine. There is dribbling, and the urinary stream has a decreased caliber.
Hypokalemia
A decreased amount of potassium in the blood. It is usually due to a diuretic drug that causes the kidneys to excrete an excessive amount of urine.
Ketonuria
Ketones in the urine. Ketones are waste products produced when fat is metabolized.
Ketonuria is seen in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus who metabolize fat for energy because they cannot metabolize glucose.
Nocturia
Increased frequency and urgency of urination during the night. It can be due to cystitis, an enlarged prostate gland, or decreased capacity of the bladder in older adults.
Oliguria
Decreased production of urine due to kidney failure.
Polyuria
Excessive production of urine due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
Pyuria
White blood cells in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection.
Severe pyuria can cause the urine to be cloudy or milky, or the number of white blood cells may be so few that they can be detected only by microscopic examination of a urine specimen.
Urgency
Strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly. It is cause by obstruction from an enlarged prostate gland, a kidney stone, or inflammation from a urinary tract infection.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Blood test that measures the amount of the waste product urea in the blood
Creatinine
Blood test that measures the amount of the waste product creatinine in the blood. It is used to monitor kidney function and the progression of kidney disease.
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Urine test in which some urine is swabbed onto a culture medium in a Petri dish.
Cystometry
Diagnostic procedure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder. A catheter is used to inflate the bladder with liquid.
Cystometer
Is attached to the catheter to measure the pressure in the bladder.
Drug screening
Urine test done to detect an individual who is using illegal, addictive, or performance-enhancing drugs.
Leukocyte esterase
Urine test that detects an enzyme associated with leukocytes that are present with a urinary tract infection.
Urinalysis (UA)
Urine test that describes the color and characteristics of the urine and detects substances in it.
Albumin
Albumin is not normally found in Urine. It’s presence indicates damage to the glomerulus
Color
Normal urine is light yellow to amber in color, depending on its concentration. Pink or reddish urine indicates red blood cells from bleeding somewhere in the urinary tract.
Glucose
Glucose is not normally found in the urine. its presence indicates uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, with excess glucose in the blood “spilling” over from the blood into the urine.
Ketones
Ketones are not normally found in the urine. They are produced when the body cannot use glucose for energy or does not have enough glucose to use.
Odor
Urine has a faint odor due to the waste products in it.
The urine of a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a fruity smell because of the glucose in it.
pH
The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline the urine is. urine normally has a slightly alkaline ph. Acidic urine has a pH lower than 7
Red blood cells (RBCs)
Microscopic examination of the urine is done under a microscope to count the number or erythrocytes.
Sediment
There are several types of sediment in the urine. Crystals can form a kidney stone.
Hyaline casts are seen with dehydration; under a microscope, ther are long, clear structures.
Specific gravity (SG, sp gr)
Measurement of the concentration of the urine as compared to that of water. The specific gravity of water is 1.000.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Microscopic examination of the urine is done with a microscope to count the number of leukocytes and identify a urinary tract infection.
Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP)
Urine test to detect an abnormal protein. Some urine is placed in a gel with an electrical current. Substances become charged and move toward the positive or negative electrodes.
Intravenous pyelography (IVP)
Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and contrast dye to visualize the urinary system.
The dye is injected intravenously and flows through the blood into the renal artery and kidney.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) x-ray
Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays but no contrast dye to visualize the urinary system.
Used to find kidney stones or as a preliminary x-ray before performing intravenous pyelography.
Nephro-tomography
Radiologic procedure that uses a computerized tomography (CT) scan and contrast dye injected intravenously.
Renal angiography
Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and radiopaque contrast dye. The dye is injected intravenously.
Renal scan
Radiologic procedure that uses a radioactive substance injected intravenously. It is taken up by the kidney and emits radioactive particles that are captured by a scanner and made into an image.
Ultrasonography
Radiologic procedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of the urinary system.
Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and contrast dye. The dye is inserted into the bladder through a catheter and outlines the bladder and urethra.
Catheterization
Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine.
Condom catheter
Is shaped like a condom. It fits snugly over the penis and collects urine as it leaves the urethral meatus.
Foley catheter
An indwelling tube that drains urine continuously. It has an expandable balloon tip that keeps it positioned in the bladder. Urine is collected in a bag
Straight catheter
Can be inserted if the bladder becomes full and the patient is unable to urinate, or it can be used to obtain a single sterile urine specimen for testing.
Suprapubic catheter
Inserted through the abdominal wall and into the bladder. It is sometimes inserted after bladder or prostate gland surgery.
Dialysis
Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient in renal failure. Patients undergo dialysis several times a week while waiting for a kidney transplantation.
Hemodialysis
Uses an arteriovenous fistula to allow easy and reliable access to blood. AN arteriovenous fistula is created by surgically joining an artery and vein.
Peritoneal dialysis
Uses a permanent catheter inserted through the abdominal wall.
Dialysate fluid flows through the catheter and remains in the abdominal cavity for several hours. During that time, the fluid pulls body waste from the nearby blood vessels. Then the fluid is removed from the abdominal cavity, carrying waste products with it.
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
The patient is able to walk around between the three or four daily episodes of dialysis.
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
Machine inserts and removes dialysate fluid several times a night while the patient sleeps.
Intake and output (I&O)
Nursing procedure that documents the total amount of fluid intake and the total amount of fluid output.
Urine specimen
Procedure to obtain a urine specimen for testing. Urine specimens can be tested in the doctors office with a dipstick.
Antibiotic drug
Treats a urinary tract infection caused by a bacterium
Anti-spasmodic drug
Relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of the ureter, Bladder, and urethra. Used to treat spasms for Cystitis and Over active bladder.
Diuretic drug
Block sodium from being reabsorbed from the tubules into the blood. As the sodium is excreted in the urine, it brings water in potassium with it. This decreases the volume of blood and is used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure, and nephrotic syndrome.
Overactive bladder drug
Decreases contractions of the smooth muscle of the bladder
Potassium supplement drug
Used as a replacement for potassium excreted due to diuretic drugs.
Urinary analgesic drug
Exerts a pain relieving effect on the mucosa of the urinary tract
Bladder neck suspension
Procedure to correct stress urinary incontinence. A supportive sling of muscle tissue or a synthetic mesh is inserted around the bladder neck and the urethra to elevate and suspend them in their normal position.
Cystectomy
Procedure to remove the bladder because of bladder cancer. A radical cystectomy removes the bladder, surrounding tissues, and lymph nodes.
Cystoscopy
Procedure that uses a cystoscope inserted through the urethra in order to examine the inside of a bladder.
Kidney transplantation
Procedure to treat a patient in end-stage renal failure by transferring to a new kidney from a donor.
Lithotripsy
Procedure that uses a laser or soundwaves to break up a kidney stone. After an x-ray pinpoints location of the stone, a lithotriptor is used to break up the stone
Cystoscopic laser lithotripsy
Uses a cystoscope with a Holmium laser that is inserted into the bladder to break up a stone.
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Uses several hundred pulses of high energy ultrasonic shockwaves for multiple angles outside the body to break up the stone.
Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy
Uses an endoscope incident through the flank skin into the kidney. A lithotriptor probe is inserted through the endoscope into the kidney to break up large stones.
Nephrectomy
Procedure to surgically remove a disease or Cancerous kidney.
Nephrolithotomy
Procedure in which a small incision is made in the skin and an endoscope is inserted in a percutaneous approach into the kidney to remove a kidney stone that is embedded in the renal pelvis or calices.
Nephropexy
Procedure to correct a kidney that is in an abnormally low position by suturing it into anatomical position
Renal biopsy
Procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed for microscopic analysis. This is done to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of cancer or kidney disease.
Stone basketing
Procedure in which a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder. A stone basket is then pass through the cystoscope to snare a kidney stone and remove it from the bladder.
Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT)
Procedure to remove a tumor From the bladder. A special cystoscope known as a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder.
Urethroplasty
Procedure that involves plastic surgery to reposition the urethra meatus in a male.
AKI
Acute kidney injury
ARF
Acute renal failure
BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
C&S
Culture and sensitivity
CAPD
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
cath
catheterize or catheterization (short form)
CCPD
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
CKD
Chronic kidney disease
Cl-
Chloride
CMG
Cystometrogram
CRF
Chronic renal failure
CT
Computerized tomography
cysto
Cystoscope (short form)
epi’s
Epithelial cells (in urine specimen;short form)
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
ESWL
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
GU
Genitourinary; gonococcal urethritis
HCO3-
bicarbonate
how
High-power field
I&O
intake and output
IVP
Intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography
K+
Potassium
KUB
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
mL
Milliliter (measure of volume)
Na+
Sodium
pH
Potential of hydrogen
RBC
red blood cell
SG; sp gr
Specific gravity
SUI
Stress urinary incontinence
TNTC
Transurethral resection of bladder tumor
UA
Urinalysis
UPEP
Urine protein electrophoresis
UTI
Urinary tract infection
VCUG
Voiding cystourethrogram; voiding cystourethrography
WBC
White blood cell
