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Medical Terminology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Urinary system

A

The structures of the urinary system include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
This body system is also known as the urinary tract, genitourinary system, urogenital system, and the excretory system.
Functions are to remove waste products of cellular metabolism by producing, transporting, storing, and excreting urine.

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2
Q

Calyx

A

Collecting area at each tip of medulla that collects urine.

Several minor calices drain into a larger major calyx.

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3
Q

Cortex

A

Layer of tissue beneath the fibrous capsule of the kidney

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4
Q

Flank

A

Area on the back (between the ribs and the hip bone) that overlies the kidneys

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5
Q

Hilum

A

Indentation in the medial side of each kidney where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit.

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6
Q

Kidney

A

Organ of the urinary system that produces urine.

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7
Q

Medulla

A

Layer of tissue beneath the cortex of the kidney. Each tip of medulla connects to a minor calyx.

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8
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Large, funnel-shaped area within the kidney. It collects urine from the major calices.
The renal pelvis narrows to become the ureter.

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9
Q

Retropritoneal space

A

Area behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are located there, surrounded by fatty tissue.

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10
Q

Peristalsis

A

Process of smooth muscle contractions that move urine through the ureter

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11
Q

Ureter

A

Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. It is located in the abdominal cavity.

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12
Q

Ureteral Orifice

A

Opening at the end of the ureter as it enters the bladder.

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13
Q

Bladder

A

Expandable reservoir for holding urine. It is located in the pelvic cavity.

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14
Q

fundus

A

Round top or dome of the bladder

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15
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

Muscular ring in the bladder neck. It relaxes when the bladder is full so that urine can flow into the urethra. This sphincter is not under conscious control.

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16
Q

Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane that lines the bladder

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17
Q

Rugae

A

Folds in the mucosa of the bladder that disappear as the bladder fills with urine.

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18
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

Muscular ring in the urethra that can be consciously controlled to release or hold back urine.
In a male, it is located below the prostate gland.
In a female, it is located near the end of the urethra.

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19
Q

Penis

A

Structure that is part of the male reproductive system.

In a male, the urethra passses through the length of the penis as the penile urethra.

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20
Q

Prostate gland

A

Gland that is part of the male reproductive system.

In a male, the urethra passes through the center of the prostate gland as the prostatic urethra.

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21
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
In a male, it goes through the prostate gland and down the length of the penis.
In a female, it is a short tube, ending near the external opening of the vagina.

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22
Q

Urethral meats

A

Opening at the end of the urethra that leads to the outside of the body.
Male = located at the tip of the penis
Female = located just anterior to the external opening of the vagina.

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23
Q

Electrolytes

A

Chemical elements that have a positive or negative electrical charge and conduct electricity when dissolved in a solution.
They include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-).

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24
Q

Erythropoietin

A

hormone secreted by the kidneys when the number of red blood cells in the blood decreases.
Stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

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25
Q

Homeostasis

A

Normal and constant internal environment of the body. the kidneys help maintain this.

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26
Q

Nutritional substances

A

Include glucose, albumin, vitamins, and electrolytes.

These must not be excreted in the urine unless there is an excessive amount in the blood.

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27
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional or working tissue of the kidney.

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28
Q

Renin

A

Enzyme secreted by the kidneys when the blood pressure is low. It stimulates the production of another substance, which, in turn, produces another substance that causes sodium and water to be reabsorbed into the blood, thus increasing the blood pressure.

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29
Q

Urination

A

Process of excreting urine from the body.

AKA known as voicing or micturition.

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30
Q

Urine

A

Water, waste products and other substances excreted by the kidneys.

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31
Q

Waste products of metabolism

A

Include urea, creatinine, uric acid, and the products of drug metabolism.

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32
Q

Collecting duct

A

Large duct that collects fluid from the distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons. The final step of secretion takes place there, and the fluid that remains is urine.

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33
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Tubule of the nephron that begins at the nephron loop and ends at the collecting duct. Reabsorption takes place there.

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34
Q

Filtration

A

First step in the formation of urine. Process in which water, some nutritional substances, and wastes in the blood are pushed through pores in the capillaries of the glomerulus.
the resulting fluid is filtrate.

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35
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

First part of the nephron. It is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects filtrate.

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36
Q

Glomerulus

A

Network of intertwining capillaries within the glomerular capsule. Filtration takes place there.

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37
Q

Nephron

A

Microscopic, functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine production.

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38
Q

Nephron loop

A

U-shaped tubule of the nephron that begins at the proximal convoluted tubule and ends at the distal convoluted tubule.

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39
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Coiled tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule
Reabsorption takes place there.

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40
Q

Reabsorption

A

Second step in the formation of urine. Process by which most of the water and nutritional substances in the filtrate move out of the tubule and return to the blood in a nearby capillary.

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41
Q

Secretion

A

Third and final step in the formation of urine.

Process by which specific substances mover form the blood into the collecting duct.

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42
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Infection and inflammation of the glomeruli. This complication develops after an acute infection caused by streptococcal bacteria or by viruses.

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43
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Condition in which urine distends the renal pelvis and calices rays ureter.
This happens when a blood clot, infection, or a kidney stone blocks the flow of urine.

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44
Q

Caliectasis

A

The calices of the kidney are enlarged due to hydronephrosis

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45
Q

Hydroureter

A

Only the ureter is enlarged due to hydronephrosis

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46
Q

GU

A

Genitourinary

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47
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Formation of a kidney stone in the urinary system. Kidney stones can vary size from microscopic to large and can be numerous or large enough to fill the renal pelvis or block the ureter.

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48
Q

Nephropathy

A

Any disease of the kidney

  1. Diabetic nephropathy involves progressive damage cause by uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
  2. Kidney infection can cause the capillaries of the glomerulus to harden.
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49
Q

Nephroptosis

A

Abnormally low position of a kidney

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50
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Damage to the pores of the capillaries of the glomerulus. this allows large amount of albumin to leak into the urine, decreasing the amount of protein in the blood.

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51
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

hereditary disease characterized by cysts in the kidney. this progressive degenerative disease eventually destroys the nephrons, causing kidney failure.

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52
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis o the kidney.

It is caused by a bacterial infection of the bladder that ascends the treaters and goes into the kidneys.

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53
Q

Renal cell Cancer

A

Cancerous tumor that begins in the epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.

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54
Q

Wilma tumor

A

Cancer of embryo all cells that still remain in the kidney.

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55
Q

Renal failure

A

Disease in which the kidneys decrease and then stop producing urine. this is due to an acute or chronic disease process.

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56
Q

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

A

Occurs suddenly and is usually due to trauma, severe blood loss, or overwhelming infection.
Caused by acute tubular necrosis, the sudden destruction of large numbers of nephrons and their tubules.

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57
Q

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

begins with renal insufficiency, followed by gradual worsening with progressive damage to the kidneys from chronic, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis

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58
Q

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

the final, irreversible stage of chronic renal failure in which there is little or no remaining kidney function.

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59
Q

Uremia

A

AN excessive amount of the waste product urea in the blood because of renal failure.
the kidneys are unable to remove urea, and it reaches a toxic level in the blood.

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60
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

Bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract. it is most often caused by escherichia coli, which is normally found in the intestines and rectum.

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61
Q

Bladder cancer

A

Cancerous tumor of the epithelial cells lining the bladder most commonly seen in men over age 60.

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62
Q

Cystitis

A

Infection or inflammation of the bladder.
Often caused by bacteria in the urethra that ascend into the bladder, particularly in women because of the short length of the urethra.

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63
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

A chronic, progressive infection in which the bladder mucosa becomes extremely irritated and red, with bleeding. Radiation cystitis is cuased by the irritating effects of radiation therapy given to treat bladder cancer.

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64
Q

Cystocele

A

Hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum.

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65
Q

Incontinenece

A

Inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder. it can be due to a spinal cord injury, surgery on the prostate gland, unconsciousness, or a mental condition such as dementia.

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66
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

urnary retention due to a lack of innervation of the nerves to the bladder.

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67
Q

SUI

A

Stress urinary incontinence

Caused by weak pelvic floor muscles from childbirth or menopause.

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68
Q

Overactive bladder

A

urinary urgency and frequency due to involuntary contractions of the bladder wall as the bladder fills with urine.

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69
Q

Urinary retention

A

Inability to empty the bladder because of an obstruction, nerve damage, or as a side effect of certain drugs.

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70
Q

Vesicovaginal fistula

A

Formation of an abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina. Fine flows into the vagina and leaks continually to the outside of the body.

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71
Q

Urethritis

A

Infection or inflammation of the urethra.
gonococcal urethritis is a symptom of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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72
Q

Albuminuria

A

Presence of albumin in the urine.

Albumin is the major protein in the blood, and so this is also called proteinuria.

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73
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine production by the kidneys because of acute or chronic renal failure.

74
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Presence of bacteria in the urine

Normally, urine is sterile. Bacteria indicate an infection somewhere in the urinary tract.

75
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful urination. It can be due to many factors

76
Q

Enuresis

A

Involuntary release of urine in an otherwise normal person who should have bladder control.

77
Q

Frequency

A

Urinating often, usually in small amounts. This can be due to a kidney stone or an enlarged prostate gland that partially block the flow of urine from the ladder.

78
Q

Glycosuria

A

Glucose in the urine. this is an indication of an elevated blood sugar level that “spills over” into the urine, as seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

79
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine. Hematuria can be gross or frank blood, or it can be microscopic hematuria that can only be detected with urine testing.

80
Q

Hesitancy

A

Inability to initiate a normal stream of urine. There is dribbling, and the urinary stream has a decreased caliber.

81
Q

Hypokalemia

A

A decreased amount of potassium in the blood. It is usually due to a diuretic drug that causes the kidneys to excrete an excessive amount of urine.

82
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketones in the urine. Ketones are waste products produced when fat is metabolized.
Ketonuria is seen in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus who metabolize fat for energy because they cannot metabolize glucose.

83
Q

Nocturia

A

Increased frequency and urgency of urination during the night. It can be due to cystitis, an enlarged prostate gland, or decreased capacity of the bladder in older adults.

84
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased production of urine due to kidney failure.

85
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive production of urine due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

86
Q

Pyuria

A

White blood cells in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection.
Severe pyuria can cause the urine to be cloudy or milky, or the number of white blood cells may be so few that they can be detected only by microscopic examination of a urine specimen.

87
Q

Urgency

A

Strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly. It is cause by obstruction from an enlarged prostate gland, a kidney stone, or inflammation from a urinary tract infection.

88
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

Blood test that measures the amount of the waste product urea in the blood

89
Q

Creatinine

A

Blood test that measures the amount of the waste product creatinine in the blood. It is used to monitor kidney function and the progression of kidney disease.

90
Q

Culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

Urine test in which some urine is swabbed onto a culture medium in a Petri dish.

91
Q

Cystometry

A

Diagnostic procedure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder. A catheter is used to inflate the bladder with liquid.

92
Q

Cystometer

A

Is attached to the catheter to measure the pressure in the bladder.

93
Q

Drug screening

A

Urine test done to detect an individual who is using illegal, addictive, or performance-enhancing drugs.

94
Q

Leukocyte esterase

A

Urine test that detects an enzyme associated with leukocytes that are present with a urinary tract infection.

95
Q

Urinalysis (UA)

A

Urine test that describes the color and characteristics of the urine and detects substances in it.

96
Q

Albumin

A

Albumin is not normally found in Urine. It’s presence indicates damage to the glomerulus

97
Q

Color

A

Normal urine is light yellow to amber in color, depending on its concentration. Pink or reddish urine indicates red blood cells from bleeding somewhere in the urinary tract.

98
Q

Glucose

A

Glucose is not normally found in the urine. its presence indicates uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, with excess glucose in the blood “spilling” over from the blood into the urine.

99
Q

Ketones

A

Ketones are not normally found in the urine. They are produced when the body cannot use glucose for energy or does not have enough glucose to use.

100
Q

Odor

A

Urine has a faint odor due to the waste products in it.

The urine of a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a fruity smell because of the glucose in it.

101
Q

pH

A

The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline the urine is. urine normally has a slightly alkaline ph. Acidic urine has a pH lower than 7

102
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs)

A

Microscopic examination of the urine is done under a microscope to count the number or erythrocytes.

103
Q

Sediment

A

There are several types of sediment in the urine. Crystals can form a kidney stone.
Hyaline casts are seen with dehydration; under a microscope, ther are long, clear structures.

104
Q

Specific gravity (SG, sp gr)

A

Measurement of the concentration of the urine as compared to that of water. The specific gravity of water is 1.000.

105
Q

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

A

Microscopic examination of the urine is done with a microscope to count the number of leukocytes and identify a urinary tract infection.

106
Q

Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP)

A

Urine test to detect an abnormal protein. Some urine is placed in a gel with an electrical current. Substances become charged and move toward the positive or negative electrodes.

107
Q

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

A

Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and contrast dye to visualize the urinary system.
The dye is injected intravenously and flows through the blood into the renal artery and kidney.

108
Q

Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) x-ray

A

Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays but no contrast dye to visualize the urinary system.
Used to find kidney stones or as a preliminary x-ray before performing intravenous pyelography.

109
Q

Nephro-tomography

A

Radiologic procedure that uses a computerized tomography (CT) scan and contrast dye injected intravenously.

110
Q

Renal angiography

A

Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and radiopaque contrast dye. The dye is injected intravenously.

111
Q

Renal scan

A

Radiologic procedure that uses a radioactive substance injected intravenously. It is taken up by the kidney and emits radioactive particles that are captured by a scanner and made into an image.

112
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Radiologic procedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of the urinary system.

113
Q

Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

A

Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and contrast dye. The dye is inserted into the bladder through a catheter and outlines the bladder and urethra.

114
Q

Catheterization

A

Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine.

115
Q

Condom catheter

A

Is shaped like a condom. It fits snugly over the penis and collects urine as it leaves the urethral meatus.

116
Q

Foley catheter

A

An indwelling tube that drains urine continuously. It has an expandable balloon tip that keeps it positioned in the bladder. Urine is collected in a bag

117
Q

Straight catheter

A

Can be inserted if the bladder becomes full and the patient is unable to urinate, or it can be used to obtain a single sterile urine specimen for testing.

118
Q

Suprapubic catheter

A

Inserted through the abdominal wall and into the bladder. It is sometimes inserted after bladder or prostate gland surgery.

119
Q

Dialysis

A

Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient in renal failure. Patients undergo dialysis several times a week while waiting for a kidney transplantation.

120
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Uses an arteriovenous fistula to allow easy and reliable access to blood. AN arteriovenous fistula is created by surgically joining an artery and vein.

121
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Uses a permanent catheter inserted through the abdominal wall.
Dialysate fluid flows through the catheter and remains in the abdominal cavity for several hours. During that time, the fluid pulls body waste from the nearby blood vessels. Then the fluid is removed from the abdominal cavity, carrying waste products with it.

122
Q

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

The patient is able to walk around between the three or four daily episodes of dialysis.

123
Q

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)

A

Machine inserts and removes dialysate fluid several times a night while the patient sleeps.

124
Q

Intake and output (I&O)

A

Nursing procedure that documents the total amount of fluid intake and the total amount of fluid output.

125
Q

Urine specimen

A

Procedure to obtain a urine specimen for testing. Urine specimens can be tested in the doctors office with a dipstick.

126
Q

Antibiotic drug

A

Treats a urinary tract infection caused by a bacterium

127
Q

Anti-spasmodic drug

A

Relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of the ureter, Bladder, and urethra. Used to treat spasms for Cystitis and Over active bladder.

128
Q

Diuretic drug

A

Block sodium from being reabsorbed from the tubules into the blood. As the sodium is excreted in the urine, it brings water in potassium with it. This decreases the volume of blood and is used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure, and nephrotic syndrome.

129
Q

Overactive bladder drug

A

Decreases contractions of the smooth muscle of the bladder

130
Q

Potassium supplement drug

A

Used as a replacement for potassium excreted due to diuretic drugs.

131
Q

Urinary analgesic drug

A

Exerts a pain relieving effect on the mucosa of the urinary tract

132
Q

Bladder neck suspension

A

Procedure to correct stress urinary incontinence. A supportive sling of muscle tissue or a synthetic mesh is inserted around the bladder neck and the urethra to elevate and suspend them in their normal position.

133
Q

Cystectomy

A

Procedure to remove the bladder because of bladder cancer. A radical cystectomy removes the bladder, surrounding tissues, and lymph nodes.

134
Q

Cystoscopy

A

Procedure that uses a cystoscope inserted through the urethra in order to examine the inside of a bladder.

135
Q

Kidney transplantation

A

Procedure to treat a patient in end-stage renal failure by transferring to a new kidney from a donor.

136
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Procedure that uses a laser or soundwaves to break up a kidney stone. After an x-ray pinpoints location of the stone, a lithotriptor is used to break up the stone

137
Q

Cystoscopic laser lithotripsy

A

Uses a cystoscope with a Holmium laser that is inserted into the bladder to break up a stone.

138
Q

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

Uses several hundred pulses of high energy ultrasonic shockwaves for multiple angles outside the body to break up the stone.

139
Q

Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy

A

Uses an endoscope incident through the flank skin into the kidney. A lithotriptor probe is inserted through the endoscope into the kidney to break up large stones.

140
Q

Nephrectomy

A

Procedure to surgically remove a disease or Cancerous kidney.

141
Q

Nephrolithotomy

A

Procedure in which a small incision is made in the skin and an endoscope is inserted in a percutaneous approach into the kidney to remove a kidney stone that is embedded in the renal pelvis or calices.

142
Q

Nephropexy

A

Procedure to correct a kidney that is in an abnormally low position by suturing it into anatomical position

143
Q

Renal biopsy

A

Procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed for microscopic analysis. This is done to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of cancer or kidney disease.

144
Q

Stone basketing

A

Procedure in which a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder. A stone basket is then pass through the cystoscope to snare a kidney stone and remove it from the bladder.

145
Q

Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT)

A

Procedure to remove a tumor From the bladder. A special cystoscope known as a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder.

146
Q

Urethroplasty

A

Procedure that involves plastic surgery to reposition the urethra meatus in a male.

147
Q

AKI

A

Acute kidney injury

148
Q

ARF

A

Acute renal failure

149
Q

BUN

A

Blood urea nitrogen

150
Q

C&S

A

Culture and sensitivity

151
Q

CAPD

A

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

152
Q

cath

A

catheterize or catheterization (short form)

153
Q

CCPD

A

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

154
Q

CKD

A

Chronic kidney disease

155
Q

Cl-

A

Chloride

156
Q

CMG

A

Cystometrogram

157
Q

CRF

A

Chronic renal failure

158
Q

CT

A

Computerized tomography

159
Q

cysto

A

Cystoscope (short form)

160
Q

epi’s

A

Epithelial cells (in urine specimen;short form)

161
Q

ESRD

A

end-stage renal disease

162
Q

ESWL

A

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

163
Q

GU

A

Genitourinary; gonococcal urethritis

164
Q

HCO3-

A

bicarbonate

165
Q

how

A

High-power field

166
Q

I&O

A

intake and output

167
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography

168
Q

K+

A

Potassium

169
Q

KUB

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder

170
Q

mL

A

Milliliter (measure of volume)

171
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

172
Q

pH

A

Potential of hydrogen

173
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell

174
Q

SG; sp gr

A

Specific gravity

175
Q

SUI

A

Stress urinary incontinence

176
Q

TNTC

A

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor

177
Q

UA

A

Urinalysis

178
Q

UPEP

A

Urine protein electrophoresis

179
Q

UTI

A

Urinary tract infection

180
Q

VCUG

A

Voiding cystourethrogram; voiding cystourethrography

181
Q

WBC

A

White blood cell

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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