Chapter 7-9 Flashcards
A physician engaged in the science of treating the skin, its structures, functions, and disease is known as __________.
a dermatologist
The _________ is the largest organ of the body.
skin
The skin ________ is the thinnest of the body.
Around the eyelids
Which layer of the skin is thinnest?
The epidermis
Which layer of the skin is known as the spiny layer?
Stratum spinosum
The ________ has special column-shaped cells that produces melanocytes.
stratum germinativum
The dermis is the underlying or inner layer of the skin, which is also called the derma, corium, or _________
cutis
The subcutaneous tissue is a fatty layer found below the dermis, which is also called ______ tissue
adipose
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary and reticular
Lymph, the clear fluids of the body that resemble blood plasma but contains only water and other ______, bathe the skin cells remove toxins and have immune function.
Colorless substances
Sensory nerve fibers react to heat, cold, pressure and ________.
pain
The color of the skin depends primarily on _______
melanin
Eumelanin is ________ in color.
brown to black
Daily use of a sunscreen with a sun protection factor of at least ________ is recommended.
15
Collagen fibers are interwoven with _________, a protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue
elastin
The sudoriferous glands are also known as ___________
sweat
Normally, 1 to 2 ________ of liquids containing salts are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin,
pints
Sebaceous glands are not found on which part of the body?
palms
A comedo is a hair follicle filled with __________
keratin and sebum
An excellent moisturizer and lubricant that replenishes skin lipids while softening and smoothing is known as _________.
squalene
Sebum is secreted by the _______ glands and lubricates the skin, keeping it soft and pliable.
sebaceous
Water composes approximately __________ of body weight.
60 percent
The amount of water needed by an individual varies, depending on ___________ and the level of daily physical activity.
body weight
It is recommended that men in general should drink ___________ cups of water daily.
12
Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on how our skin ages?
Sun exposure
________ energy contributes to the body’s synthesis of vitamin D and other important minerals.
UVB
UVA energy is deeper penetrating than _______ and causes the skin to tan by affecting the skin pigment.
visible
For the best protection when UV exposure is the highest, an individual should avoid prolonged exposure to the sun during peak hours, which usually occurs between _________.
10:00am and 3:00 p.m
A protein similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue is known as _________
elastin
Which of the following people are most susceptible to sun damage?
Redheads and blue-eyed blondes
Changes in the size, shape, or coloration of a mole are cause ____________
to see a physician
Inhaling nicotine in tobacco causes the ___________ and weakening of blood vessels that supply blood to the skin tissues.
contraction
A condition caused by heavy or excessive intake alcohol, tobacco use, sun exposure, or other environmental factors is known as __________
telangiectasias
Which type of lesions are nail technicians concerned with?
Primary and secondary
A ________ is a large blister containing a watery fluid.
bulla
A spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle, is known as _________
macule
An inflamed pimple containing pus is called a __________.
pustule
A thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue is called_________
a keloid
A collection of blood trapped underneath the nail is called _________
a hematoma
Which of the following terms refer to a deficiency in perspiration?
Anhidrosis
What is the least severe and most common type of skin cancer ?
Basal cell carcinoma
Prolonged or repeated contact with many ________ will strip away skin oils, leaving the skin dry or damaged.
Solvents
To avoid allergies when working with monomer liquids or UV gels, you should never ________ your own product blends.
mix
The ________ prevents absorption of a very large majority of what comes in contact with the surface of the skin, including cosmetic ingredients.
sweat glands
A substance that is needed for proper repair of the skin and various tissue, which also speeds up the healing process
Vitamin C
The hard protective plate located at the end of the finger or toe is called the ________.
a natural nail
The fingernails and toenails are part of which body system?
Integumentary system
The ________ of the nails can reflect the general health of the body.
overall appearance
Which of the following is technically referred to as the onyx?
the natural nail
The natural nail is primarily composed of what substance?
Keratin
A normal, healthy nail is firm and flexible, shiny, slightly pink in color with a __________ surface.
smooth
The keratin in natural nails is ________ the keratin in hair or skin.
more durable than
The nail plate is relatively __________ to water, allowing it to pass much more easily than it will pass through normal skin equal thickness.
porous
The lower the water content in the nail, the _______ the nail becomes.
more rigid
The portion of living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge is called the _________
pinkish
The area under the nail plate has a ________ appearance extending from the lunula to just before the free edge of the nail.
pinkish
What is the whitish half moon shape at the base of the nail called?
The lunula
The matrix area contains nerves. lymph, and ________ to nourish the matrix cells.
blood vessels
The _____ is the most visible and functional part of the nail unit
cuticle
The free edge ________
extends over the tip of the finger or toe
The cuticles is the dead, _______ tissue attached to the nail plate
colorless
Cuticle tissue is incredibly ______ and difficult to remove from the nail plate.
sticky
The living skin at the base of the nail plate covering the matrix area is the _________
eponychium
The _______ is the slightly thickened layer of the skin that lie between the fingertip and the free edge of the nail plate.
Hyponychium
A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or holds an organ in place is called ________
a ligament
Nail technicians are allowed to gently push back the eponychium but are prohibited from cutting or trimming any part of the eponychium because it is __________
living skin
Cuticle conditioners are designed for the eponychium , lateral sidewalls, and _________
hyponychium
Cuticle removers, when carefully applied to the nail plate, can speed removal of stubborn _________
cuticle tissue
Ligaments are located at the base of the ______ and around the edges of the nail bed.
matrix
The ________ are folds of normal skin that surround the nail plate
nail folds
The sidewall, also called the _________, is the fold of skin overlapping the side of the nail.
lateral nail fold
A normal nail grows forward from the _______ and extends over the tip of the finger.
matrix
The length, width, and curvature of the ________ determine the thickness, width, and curvature of the natural nail plate.
matrix
What can be done to make the nail plate grow thicker?
nothing
Nails grow slowest at what time of year?
winter
The nail of the ______ grow fastest.
middle finger
Nails of _______ grow at a slower rate than others.
the elderly
Because of hormonal changes in the body, nail growth, ___________ during the last trimester of pregnancy.
increase dramatically
What causes the dramatic increases and decreases in the rate of nail growth during and after pregnancy?
hormonal changes
Compared to the matrix found on fingernails, the matrix found on toenails is__________
longer
Compared to fingernails, toenails grow _______
slower
How long does the replacement of the natural fingernail take?
4-6 months
How long does it take for the natural replacement of ta toenail?
9-12 month
The natural nail is considered an appendage of the ___________
skin
The surface of a normal, healthy nail _________
is unspotted
Oil-based nail conditioners ______
can improve nail flexibility
Nail folds form the nail groove or _______ on each side of the nail.
furrow
As a person ages, parts of the nail matrix begin to permanently slow down production, causing the plate to develop a series of _______ running the length on the plate.
narrow grooves
Where are the nail plate cells formed?
the matrix
A normal healthy nail is shiny and slightly pink in color, with more _______ tones in some races.
beige/yellow
It is likely that _______ of your clients have experienced one or more types of common nail disorders.
most
A nail disorder is a condition caused by injury or _________
disease
Bruised nails are characterized by a blood clot that forms under the plate, forming a ____________ spot.
dark purplish
Nail ridges, which are actually grooves, grow in which direction?
vertically
Ridges are ______
normal in order clients
Eggshell nails are noticeably thin, white nail plates that are _______ than normal nails.
much more flexible
When working on eggshell nails, it is recommended that you use an abrasive board with a grit of _________
240 or higher
Which way do Beau’s lines typically run on the nail plate?
Horizontally
Beau’s lines occur because the matrix _________ producing nail cells for several weeks or months.
slows down in
Which of these conditions is characterized by the living skin around the nail plate splitting and tearing?
Hangnail
Signs of an infection of the nails are redness, pain, swelling, or _______
pus
What color are leukonychia spots?
white
Leukonychia spots result from _________
damage to the matrix
Melanonychia presents as a ________ of the nails.
darkening
Melanonychia is a fairly common occurrence and considered normal in ________, but could be indicative of a disease condition in Caucasians.
African Americans or Asians
Which of these conditions is caused by nail biting?
Onychophagy
The technical term for split or brittle nails with a series of lengthwise ridges is __________
Onychorrhexis
How often should a client with onychorrhexis use a high-quality, penetrating nail oil?
Twice daily
The condition known as plicatured nail often leads to __________ nails.
ingrown
Skin is stretched by the nail plate in clients with __________
nail pterygium
What should you do if a client has a typical case of pincer nail?
Carefully trim and file the nail.
Fungi are _______.
parasites
Nail fungi are of concern to the nail salon because they are contagious and can be transmitted through__________
contaminated implements
A typical bacterial infection on the nail plate can be identified in the early stages as a __________ spot.
yellow-green
Which of the following colors indicates the most advanced nail infection?
black
A form of dramatically increased nail curvature is called ___________
trumpet nails
Which of these conditions presents as an inflammation of the nail matrix followed by shedding of the natural nail plate?
Onychia
The technical term for ingrown nails is _______
onychocryptosis
The technical term for separation and failing off of a nail from the nail bed is _________.
onychomadesis
Which of the following does not usually cause onycholysis?
illness
Onychomadesis can be traced to a localized infection, _________, or a severs systemic illness.
injury to the matrix
What effect does nail psoriasis have on the nails?
Pitting
Nail psoriasis can cause yellowish to reddish spots underneath the nail plate, called ________
salmon patches
Paronychia is _________
a bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail
Which of the following people is likely to be most prone to paronychia?
A nurse
Nail psoriasis can cause the surface of the plate to look like it has been filed with a coarse abrasive or may _________
create a ragged free edge
Which of the following conditions is a severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up from the nail bed to the nail plate?
Pyogenic granuloma
What is the medical term for red itchy patches of skin on the bottom of the feet?
Tinea pedis
A fungal infection of the feet is most likely to strike between the ______ toes.
fourth and fifth
If a client has a fungal infection on the foot, you should recommend _______
Changing white cotton sock twice daily
Which of these term refers to a fungal infection of the nail plate?
Onychomycosis
What causes ridges?
Uneven nail growth
Plicatured nail figuratively means ___________
Folded nail
Nail pterygium is an abnormal condition that occurs when skin is _______ the nail plate.
Stretched by
