Chapter 10-13 Flashcards
Which branch of science focuses on the study of substances that contain the element carbon?
Organic Chemistry
All living things, or things that were once alive, contain _________.
Carbon
Which of the following is not an organic substance?
Air
The study of substances that do not contain carbon but may contain hydrogen is _______
inorganic chemistry
Matter is any substance that occupies space and has _________ or weight.
Mass
Which of the following is not a chemical?
Light
Energy _________
is not matter
What is the letter symbol for carbon?
C
The smallest chemical particles of an element that retains the properties of that element is _______
an atom
What is the symbol for atmospheric oxygen?
O2
How many atoms are in a molecule?
Two or more
Millions of chemical reactions occur in the body every _______, which is what keeps us alive.
second
Common table salt is an example of ________
a compound molecule
When water boils it ______
changes it physical form to a gas
Which of the following has a definite volume, but not a definite shape?
Liquids
Weight is an example of ________
a physical property
When an abrasive file is used on the nail plate and both the nail plate and file are changed, __________ occurs.
a physical change
All atoms, elements, elemental molecules, and ______ are pure substances.
compound molecules
Salt water is an example of ________
a physical mixture
A ________ is a stable, uniform blend of two or more substances.
solution
Water and oil are _______
immiscible liquids
All matter exists in one of five different physical forms, including solid, liquid, gas, vapor, and ________
plasma
The binding agent that allows immiscible liquids to join together in an emulsion is called ________
an emulsifer
A properly formulated emulsion, stored under ideal conditions, can be stable for up to _________
3 years
The tail of a surfactant molecule is __________
lipophilic
Mayonnaise is an example of _______
an oil-in-water emulsion
Foot balm is an example of _______
a water-in oil emulsion
Pomades and pastes are made with a combination of petrolatum and what two other other substances?
oil and wax
Volatiles alcohol is alcohol that _________
evaporates easily
Glycerin is _______ substances
an oily
A volatile organic compound contains which of the following?
Carbon
An atom or molecule that carries an unbalanced electrical charge is called _________
an electron
When ionization occurs, the resulting ions _________
have opposite electrical charges
The more _______ ions a substance has, the more acidic it will be.
hydrogen
A product must contain _______ to be have a pH
water
Pure water has a ________ pH
neutral
A solution is neutral if its pH is _______
7.0
The pH scale ranges from _____
0-14
A pH of 8 is _____ than a pH of 7
10 times more alkaline
An acidic solution will turn litmus paper from __________
blue to red
An Alkali _________
has a pH more than 7.0
Nail polish is an example of ______
an organic substance
Electricity is considered to be ______
energy
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
90
A special type of ingredient used in nail polish dryers and skin protectants is ________
silicone
Which of the following is not a chemical?
Light
Petroleum oil can be chemically converted into ________
Vitamin C
In Medieval times, alchemists searched in vain for ways to turn ________ into _______
lead; gold
Vapors are formed when liquids ________ into the air
evaporate
Which of the following are a blend of scoot-like particles mixed with vapors?
Fumes
A chemical that causes two surfaces to stick together is ______
an adhesive
A nail polish base coat is a type of __________
primer
Which of the following is not a basic type primer
Dual acid
A substance that can cause visible and possibly permanent skin or eye damage is _________
a corrosive
A corrosive acid-based primer can cause painful burns and _____ to soft tissue and eyes.
scars
How much primer is typically recommended for mist clients?
1 coat
Which type of primer contains methacrylic acid?
Acid-base primer
Scrubbing the nail plate gets rid of the bacteria and _________ that cause fingernail infections.
fungi
The effects of a nail dehydrator will typically wear off within ________ minutes
30
An abrasive or buffer of ______ grit is recommended for preparing the nail plate for a nail enhancement product.
240
The thinner the nail plate, the _______ it will be
weaker
Ideally, the nail plate should be ______ before you apply a nail enhancement product.
thick and strong
______ filing damages both the nail plate and the underlying sensitive tissues of the nail bed.
Rough
Overfiling the nail can lead to free- edge product separation which is also known as _______
Curling
Proper preparation of the nail plate for nail enhancements includes removing all deal tissue for the side walls and ________ as well as bacteria, fungi, oil and moisture from the nails plate.
Cuticle
Soaking the nail plate in any liquid, including water and acetone, will temporarily soften the nail plate’s surface for up to _____ minutes.
60
If a coating curse or polymerizes, it undergoes a________ reaction.
Chemical
The gigantic chains of molecules that make up UV gels, wraps, and adhesives are called _______
polymers
Polymers usually take which form?
solid
The terms cure, curing, or _______ are sometimes used synonymously with polymerization.
hardening
Because nail plates are made of a protein called__________ they considered polymers.
keratin
The individual molecules that make up polymers are called _________
Monomers
What special ingredient triggers polymerization?
The initiator
How long does it take the polymer chains in nail enhancements to reach their ultimate lengths?
Several days
If a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction, what does it do?
Speeds up the reaction
Without _______, it would take UV gel products 2 or 3 hours to harden into nail enhancements.
oligomers
Liquid and powder systems use _______ that gather energy from the heat of the room or hand, while UV curing products use photo initiators that derive their extra energy from exposure to UV.
Thermal initiations
Products with simple polymer chains are easily damaged by sharp impacts or _______
heavy stresses
Compared to uncross-linked products, cross-linked nail enhancements ________
take more time to remove in acetone
All nail enhancements and adhesives are based on a family of chemical ingredients called ________
acrylics
All monomer liquids and polymer powders are based on __________
methacrylates
One of the reasons methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) should not be used is because _________
it is extremely difficult to remove and will not dissolve in product removers
The vast majority of chemicals people come in contact with during a lifetime are completely safe and most are __________
beneficial
The majority of ingredients in evaporation coatings are __________ or quickly evaporating solvents.
Volatile
In nail enhancements, what is the function of a UV stabilizer?
To control color stability
Which types of nail enhancements are made from organic substances?
All of them
Polymer based enhancements
Evaporation coating
When problems with nail enhancements occur, they are least likely to be caused by ________
Nail products
________ said, “ All substances are poison; there is none that is not a poison. Only the dose differentiates between a poison and a remedy”.
Paracelsus
Which of these statements about toxicity is true?
Toxicity is determined by overexposure.
Local ________ systems are very effective ventilators and will help prevent overexposure if the manufacturer’s
recommendations are followed.
source capture
The movement of particles around an atom that creates pure energy is called ________
electricity
Any substance that easily allows the flow of electricity with little resistance is known as ________
Conductor
The flow of electricity in a complete electric circuit is called __________
An electric current
Electricity is a ________
Form of energy
A substance that does not easily transmit electricity is called _________
an insulator
Rubber, silk, _________, glass, and cement are all good insulators.
wood
Pure water is a ______
poor conductor
Insulators are also known as _______
nonconductors
A complete electrical current is ________ that conducts electricity and provides a return path for the current.
a closed loop
The path of an electric current from the generating source through conductors and back to its originals sources called _______ electrical circuit.
a complete
Constant, even-flowing current that travels in one direction only is commonly known as ________ current.
a direct
Rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction is commonly known as _____ current.
an alternating
A cell phone uses _______ current.
a direct
Paraffin heaters use ________ current.
an alternating
If you wanted to convert AC current to DC current, you should need to use ______
a rectifier
The unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes the flow of electrons forward through a complete electric circuit is called __________
a volt
The unit that measures the number of electrons that flow through a complete electric circuit is called __________
an empere
A measurement of how much electricity is being used in one second is called _________
a watt
A unit that measures the resistance in an electric circuit is called _______
an ohm
Normal electric wall sockets that power a paraffin heater are ________ volts.
110
If you needed to operate a heavy-duty appliance, such as a clothes dryer, you would typically need an outlet with a minimum of _______ volts.
220
A higher amp rating indicates ________
a greater number of electrons and a stronger current
The current for facial and scalp treatments is measured in ___________
milliamperes
Current will not flow through a conductor unless ________
the volts are stronger than the ohms
A 75-watt light bulb uses 75 watts of electricity _________
per second
The electricity in your house is measured in ________
kilowatts per hour
What does a light-cured nail enhancement use to harden?
UV light
UV radiation has a shorter wavelength, more _________ and does not penetrate as deeply as visible light.
energy
Storing heat-curing monomers in a warm place can result in discoloration and ________.
premature hardening
A careless electrical connection and overloaded circuits can result in an electrical shock, a bum, or _________
fire
A ________ is a single use safety device designed to provide protection from an electrical overload.
fuse
To reestablish the circuit when a fuse blows, first _______
disconnect all appliances
A circuits breaker will ______ when the circuit overloads.
shut off
GFCI stands for ________.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
Which of the following certifies the safety of electrical appliances?
Underwriters Laboratories
Which connection on an electric plug supplies current to the circuits?
The live connection
What is the main purpose of the third prong on a three prong plug?
To provide an additional ground
All electrical appliances used should be ______ certified.
UL
It is recommended that you use how many plugs per outlet?
one
If an electrical plug does not fit into an outlet, you should___________
find a different outlet that accommodates the plug
Electricity is a flow of _______
electrons
Most_______ are good conductors
metals
A typical flashlight runs on _______
direct current
Car batteries are ________ volts.
12
Avoid contact with _______ and metal surfaces when using electrical appliances.
water
The list of services that you are legally allowed to perform in your specialty as set forth by the regulatory agency in your state is known as your ________
Scope of practice
It is recommended that you use a ________ bulb in the lamp attached to your manicure table.
40 t0 60 watt incandescent
The Universal Precautions include guidelines in the use of gloves, masks, and eyewear when contact with blood or _____ is a possibility.
body secretions
The finger bowl is used for soaking the client’s finger in warm water to soften the skin and can be made of plastic, _______, or glass.
metal
Disinfection containers must ________ to ensure disinfectant solution does not become contaminated.
have a lid
What should you use to cover the client’s arm cushion?
a clean towel
Electric mitts are used to _______
provide for the ultimate relaxation of the client
Multiple use and single use tools used to perform nail services are called _______
implements
Disposable implements ________
must be thrown away after a single use
Tweezers are multitask implements that can be used to _________.
lift small bits of debris from the nail plate
Which of following is used to shorten the nail plate quickly and effectively?
Nail clippers
How many complete sets of implements should a professional nail technician have on hand?
three
The rule of thumb with nail files is _______
the lower the grit, the more aggressive its action.
A buffer with a grit of 180 is considered to be a __________
medium-grit abrasive
Fine-grit abrasive are recommended for all but which of the following?
Shortening the nail
Soaps acts as an infection-control tool during the preservice hand washing procedure and is known to remove over _______ percent of pathogenic microbes from the hands, if performed properly.
90
What are the two basic types of polish removers?
Acetone and non-acetone
Nail creams are designed to ________
Hold sub-dermal moisture in the skin
Which of the following is designed to loosen and dissolve dead tissue on the nail plate so it can be more easily and thoroughly removed from nail plate?
Cuticle remover
Protein hardener is commonly composed of what two ingredients?
Clear polish and collagen
Nail plate hardeners contain methylene glycol, an ingredient that creates _______ between the keratin strands that make up the natural nail.
bridges or cross-links
Compared to methylene glycol hardeners, dimethyl urea hardeners _________
work more slowly
A base coat creates a colorless layer on the natural nail and nail enhancement that promotes_______
the adhesion of polish
It is recommended that you work to get your basic manicure procedure to ________ before you leave your school
30 -45 minutes
The ________ nail is completely straight across the free edge, with not rounding at the outside edges
square
A _______ nail is one with a square free edge that is rounded off at the corner edges.
squoval
Lighter shades are generally recommended for which seasons?
spring and summer
What is the recommended method for mixing nail polish in the bottle?
Rolling the bottle between your palms
The most successful nail polish application is achieved by applying how many coats?
Four
The manipulation of the soft tissues of the body is called __________.
massage
Which type of massage is also known as kneading?
Petrissage
Results-oritented spa manicures are sometimes called __________
Treatment manicures
Which of the following involves the use of highly concentrated, non-oily, and volatile essential oils?
Aromatherapy
Paraffin wax treatments are designed to trap moisture in the skin while the _________ encourages skin pores to accepts its benefits.
heat
Avoid paraffin treatments on anyone who has __________ or skin irritations such as cuts, burns, rashes ,warts, or eczema.
impaired circulation
_______ is a petroleum by product that has excellent sealing properties (barrier qualities) to hold moisture in the skin.
Parraffin
When performing a basic manicure, it is recommended that you start with the _________
little finger on the client’s left hand.
The second step in a preservice procedure is to ____________.
rinse implements and wash with soap, a nail brush, and warm water.
In preparation for a hand massage, apply massage lotion or cream and distribute enough to allow movement across the skin without resistance or _________
skin drag
The third step in a post service procedure is to ________
escort client to front desk and schedule next appointment.
The drying time after a nail polish application should be _______ minimum.
10 minutes.
How long should you allow the paraffin to remain on the client’s hands during a paraffin wax treatment?
5-10 minutes
