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Nails Technology Exam Review > Chapter 10-13 > Flashcards

Chapter 10-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Which branch of science focuses on the study of substances that contain the element carbon?

A

Organic Chemistry

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2
Q

All living things, or things that were once alive, contain _________.

A

Carbon

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3
Q

Which of the following is not an organic substance?

A

Air

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4
Q

The study of substances that do not contain carbon but may contain hydrogen is _______

A

inorganic chemistry

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5
Q

Matter is any substance that occupies space and has _________ or weight.

A

Mass

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6
Q

Which of the following is not a chemical?

A

Light

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7
Q

Energy _________

A

is not matter

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8
Q

What is the letter symbol for carbon?

A

C

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9
Q

The smallest chemical particles of an element that retains the properties of that element is _______

A

an atom

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10
Q

What is the symbol for atmospheric oxygen?

A

O2

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11
Q

How many atoms are in a molecule?

A

Two or more

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12
Q

Millions of chemical reactions occur in the body every _______, which is what keeps us alive.

A

second

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13
Q

Common table salt is an example of ________

A

a compound molecule

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14
Q

When water boils it ______

A

changes it physical form to a gas

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15
Q

Which of the following has a definite volume, but not a definite shape?

A

Liquids

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16
Q

Weight is an example of ________

A

a physical property

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17
Q

When an abrasive file is used on the nail plate and both the nail plate and file are changed, __________ occurs.

A

a physical change

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18
Q

All atoms, elements, elemental molecules, and ______ are pure substances.

A

compound molecules

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19
Q

Salt water is an example of ________

A

a physical mixture

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20
Q

A ________ is a stable, uniform blend of two or more substances.

A

solution

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21
Q

Water and oil are _______

A

immiscible liquids

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22
Q

All matter exists in one of five different physical forms, including solid, liquid, gas, vapor, and ________

A

plasma

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23
Q

The binding agent that allows immiscible liquids to join together in an emulsion is called ________

A

an emulsifer

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24
Q

A properly formulated emulsion, stored under ideal conditions, can be stable for up to _________

A

3 years

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25
Q

The tail of a surfactant molecule is __________

A

lipophilic

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26
Q

Mayonnaise is an example of _______

A

an oil-in-water emulsion

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27
Q

Foot balm is an example of _______

A

a water-in oil emulsion

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28
Q

Pomades and pastes are made with a combination of petrolatum and what two other other substances?

A

oil and wax

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29
Q

Volatiles alcohol is alcohol that _________

A

evaporates easily

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30
Q

Glycerin is _______ substances

A

an oily

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31
Q

A volatile organic compound contains which of the following?

A

Carbon

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32
Q

An atom or molecule that carries an unbalanced electrical charge is called _________

A

an electron

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33
Q

When ionization occurs, the resulting ions _________

A

have opposite electrical charges

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34
Q

The more _______ ions a substance has, the more acidic it will be.

A

hydrogen

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35
Q

A product must contain _______ to be have a pH

A

water

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36
Q

Pure water has a ________ pH

A

neutral

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37
Q

A solution is neutral if its pH is _______

A

7.0

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38
Q

The pH scale ranges from _____

A

0-14

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39
Q

A pH of 8 is _____ than a pH of 7

A

10 times more alkaline

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40
Q

An acidic solution will turn litmus paper from __________

A

blue to red

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41
Q

An Alkali _________

A

has a pH more than 7.0

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42
Q

Nail polish is an example of ______

A

an organic substance

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43
Q

Electricity is considered to be ______

A

energy

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44
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

90

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45
Q

A special type of ingredient used in nail polish dryers and skin protectants is ________

A

silicone

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46
Q

Which of the following is not a chemical?

A

Light

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47
Q

Petroleum oil can be chemically converted into ________

A

Vitamin C

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48
Q

In Medieval times, alchemists searched in vain for ways to turn ________ into _______

A

lead; gold

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49
Q

Vapors are formed when liquids ________ into the air

A

evaporate

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50
Q

Which of the following are a blend of scoot-like particles mixed with vapors?

A

Fumes

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51
Q

A chemical that causes two surfaces to stick together is ______

A

an adhesive

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52
Q

A nail polish base coat is a type of __________

A

primer

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53
Q

Which of the following is not a basic type primer

A

Dual acid

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54
Q

A substance that can cause visible and possibly permanent skin or eye damage is _________

A

a corrosive

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55
Q

A corrosive acid-based primer can cause painful burns and _____ to soft tissue and eyes.

A

scars

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56
Q

How much primer is typically recommended for mist clients?

A

1 coat

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57
Q

Which type of primer contains methacrylic acid?

A

Acid-base primer

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58
Q

Scrubbing the nail plate gets rid of the bacteria and _________ that cause fingernail infections.

A

fungi

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59
Q

The effects of a nail dehydrator will typically wear off within ________ minutes

A

30

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60
Q

An abrasive or buffer of ______ grit is recommended for preparing the nail plate for a nail enhancement product.

A

240

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61
Q

The thinner the nail plate, the _______ it will be

A

weaker

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62
Q

Ideally, the nail plate should be ______ before you apply a nail enhancement product.

A

thick and strong

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63
Q

______ filing damages both the nail plate and the underlying sensitive tissues of the nail bed.

A

Rough

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64
Q

Overfiling the nail can lead to free- edge product separation which is also known as _______

A

Curling

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65
Q

Proper preparation of the nail plate for nail enhancements includes removing all deal tissue for the side walls and ________ as well as bacteria, fungi, oil and moisture from the nails plate.

A

Cuticle

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66
Q

Soaking the nail plate in any liquid, including water and acetone, will temporarily soften the nail plate’s surface for up to _____ minutes.

A

60

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67
Q

If a coating curse or polymerizes, it undergoes a________ reaction.

A

Chemical

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68
Q

The gigantic chains of molecules that make up UV gels, wraps, and adhesives are called _______

A

polymers

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69
Q

Polymers usually take which form?

A

solid

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70
Q

The terms cure, curing, or _______ are sometimes used synonymously with polymerization.

A

hardening

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71
Q

Because nail plates are made of a protein called__________ they considered polymers.

A

keratin

72
Q

The individual molecules that make up polymers are called _________

A

Monomers

73
Q

What special ingredient triggers polymerization?

A

The initiator

74
Q

How long does it take the polymer chains in nail enhancements to reach their ultimate lengths?

A

Several days

75
Q

If a catalyst is added to a chemical reaction, what does it do?

A

Speeds up the reaction

76
Q

Without _______, it would take UV gel products 2 or 3 hours to harden into nail enhancements.

A

oligomers

77
Q

Liquid and powder systems use _______ that gather energy from the heat of the room or hand, while UV curing products use photo initiators that derive their extra energy from exposure to UV.

A

Thermal initiations

78
Q

Products with simple polymer chains are easily damaged by sharp impacts or _______

A

heavy stresses

79
Q

Compared to uncross-linked products, cross-linked nail enhancements ________

A

take more time to remove in acetone

80
Q

All nail enhancements and adhesives are based on a family of chemical ingredients called ________

A

acrylics

81
Q

All monomer liquids and polymer powders are based on __________

A

methacrylates

82
Q

One of the reasons methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) should not be used is because _________

A

it is extremely difficult to remove and will not dissolve in product removers

83
Q

The vast majority of chemicals people come in contact with during a lifetime are completely safe and most are __________

A

beneficial

84
Q

The majority of ingredients in evaporation coatings are __________ or quickly evaporating solvents.

A

Volatile

85
Q

In nail enhancements, what is the function of a UV stabilizer?

A

To control color stability

86
Q

Which types of nail enhancements are made from organic substances?

A

All of them
Polymer based enhancements
Evaporation coating

87
Q

When problems with nail enhancements occur, they are least likely to be caused by ________

A

Nail products

88
Q

________ said, “ All substances are poison; there is none that is not a poison. Only the dose differentiates between a poison and a remedy”.

A

Paracelsus

89
Q

Which of these statements about toxicity is true?

A

Toxicity is determined by overexposure.

90
Q

Local ________ systems are very effective ventilators and will help prevent overexposure if the manufacturer’s
recommendations are followed.

A

source capture

91
Q

The movement of particles around an atom that creates pure energy is called ________

A

electricity

92
Q

Any substance that easily allows the flow of electricity with little resistance is known as ________

A

Conductor

93
Q

The flow of electricity in a complete electric circuit is called __________

A

An electric current

94
Q

Electricity is a ________

A

Form of energy

95
Q

A substance that does not easily transmit electricity is called _________

A

an insulator

96
Q

Rubber, silk, _________, glass, and cement are all good insulators.

A

wood

97
Q

Pure water is a ______

A

poor conductor

98
Q

Insulators are also known as _______

A

nonconductors

99
Q

A complete electrical current is ________ that conducts electricity and provides a return path for the current.

A

a closed loop

100
Q

The path of an electric current from the generating source through conductors and back to its originals sources called _______ electrical circuit.

A

a complete

101
Q

Constant, even-flowing current that travels in one direction only is commonly known as ________ current.

A

a direct

102
Q

Rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction is commonly known as _____ current.

A

an alternating

103
Q

A cell phone uses _______ current.

A

a direct

104
Q

Paraffin heaters use ________ current.

A

an alternating

105
Q

If you wanted to convert AC current to DC current, you should need to use ______

A

a rectifier

106
Q

The unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes the flow of electrons forward through a complete electric circuit is called __________

A

a volt

107
Q

The unit that measures the number of electrons that flow through a complete electric circuit is called __________

A

an empere

108
Q

A measurement of how much electricity is being used in one second is called _________

A

a watt

109
Q

A unit that measures the resistance in an electric circuit is called _______

A

an ohm

110
Q

Normal electric wall sockets that power a paraffin heater are ________ volts.

A

110

111
Q

If you needed to operate a heavy-duty appliance, such as a clothes dryer, you would typically need an outlet with a minimum of _______ volts.

A

220

112
Q

A higher amp rating indicates ________

A

a greater number of electrons and a stronger current

113
Q

The current for facial and scalp treatments is measured in ___________

A

milliamperes

114
Q

Current will not flow through a conductor unless ________

A

the volts are stronger than the ohms

115
Q

A 75-watt light bulb uses 75 watts of electricity _________

A

per second

116
Q

The electricity in your house is measured in ________

A

kilowatts per hour

117
Q

What does a light-cured nail enhancement use to harden?

A

UV light

118
Q

UV radiation has a shorter wavelength, more _________ and does not penetrate as deeply as visible light.

A

energy

119
Q

Storing heat-curing monomers in a warm place can result in discoloration and ________.

A

premature hardening

120
Q

A careless electrical connection and overloaded circuits can result in an electrical shock, a bum, or _________

A

fire

121
Q

A ________ is a single use safety device designed to provide protection from an electrical overload.

A

fuse

122
Q

To reestablish the circuit when a fuse blows, first _______

A

disconnect all appliances

123
Q

A circuits breaker will ______ when the circuit overloads.

A

shut off

124
Q

GFCI stands for ________.

A

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

125
Q

Which of the following certifies the safety of electrical appliances?

A

Underwriters Laboratories

126
Q

Which connection on an electric plug supplies current to the circuits?

A

The live connection

127
Q

What is the main purpose of the third prong on a three prong plug?

A

To provide an additional ground

128
Q

All electrical appliances used should be ______ certified.

A

UL

129
Q

It is recommended that you use how many plugs per outlet?

A

one

130
Q

If an electrical plug does not fit into an outlet, you should___________

A

find a different outlet that accommodates the plug

131
Q

Electricity is a flow of _______

A

electrons

132
Q

Most_______ are good conductors

A

metals

133
Q

A typical flashlight runs on _______

A

direct current

134
Q

Car batteries are ________ volts.

A

12

135
Q

Avoid contact with _______ and metal surfaces when using electrical appliances.

A

water

136
Q

The list of services that you are legally allowed to perform in your specialty as set forth by the regulatory agency in your state is known as your ________

A

Scope of practice

137
Q

It is recommended that you use a ________ bulb in the lamp attached to your manicure table.

A

40 t0 60 watt incandescent

138
Q

The Universal Precautions include guidelines in the use of gloves, masks, and eyewear when contact with blood or _____ is a possibility.

A

body secretions

139
Q

The finger bowl is used for soaking the client’s finger in warm water to soften the skin and can be made of plastic, _______, or glass.

A

metal

140
Q

Disinfection containers must ________ to ensure disinfectant solution does not become contaminated.

A

have a lid

141
Q

What should you use to cover the client’s arm cushion?

A

a clean towel

142
Q

Electric mitts are used to _______

A

provide for the ultimate relaxation of the client

143
Q

Multiple use and single use tools used to perform nail services are called _______

A

implements

144
Q

Disposable implements ________

A

must be thrown away after a single use

145
Q

Tweezers are multitask implements that can be used to _________.

A

lift small bits of debris from the nail plate

146
Q

Which of following is used to shorten the nail plate quickly and effectively?

A

Nail clippers

147
Q

How many complete sets of implements should a professional nail technician have on hand?

A

three

148
Q

The rule of thumb with nail files is _______

A

the lower the grit, the more aggressive its action.

149
Q

A buffer with a grit of 180 is considered to be a __________

A

medium-grit abrasive

150
Q

Fine-grit abrasive are recommended for all but which of the following?

A

Shortening the nail

151
Q

Soaps acts as an infection-control tool during the preservice hand washing procedure and is known to remove over _______ percent of pathogenic microbes from the hands, if performed properly.

A

90

152
Q

What are the two basic types of polish removers?

A

Acetone and non-acetone

153
Q

Nail creams are designed to ________

A

Hold sub-dermal moisture in the skin

154
Q

Which of the following is designed to loosen and dissolve dead tissue on the nail plate so it can be more easily and thoroughly removed from nail plate?

A

Cuticle remover

155
Q

Protein hardener is commonly composed of what two ingredients?

A

Clear polish and collagen

156
Q

Nail plate hardeners contain methylene glycol, an ingredient that creates _______ between the keratin strands that make up the natural nail.

A

bridges or cross-links

157
Q

Compared to methylene glycol hardeners, dimethyl urea hardeners _________

A

work more slowly

158
Q

A base coat creates a colorless layer on the natural nail and nail enhancement that promotes_______

A

the adhesion of polish

159
Q

It is recommended that you work to get your basic manicure procedure to ________ before you leave your school

A

30 -45 minutes

160
Q

The ________ nail is completely straight across the free edge, with not rounding at the outside edges

A

square

161
Q

A _______ nail is one with a square free edge that is rounded off at the corner edges.

A

squoval

162
Q

Lighter shades are generally recommended for which seasons?

A

spring and summer

163
Q

What is the recommended method for mixing nail polish in the bottle?

A

Rolling the bottle between your palms

164
Q

The most successful nail polish application is achieved by applying how many coats?

A

Four

165
Q

The manipulation of the soft tissues of the body is called __________.

A

massage

166
Q

Which type of massage is also known as kneading?

A

Petrissage

167
Q

Results-oritented spa manicures are sometimes called __________

A

Treatment manicures

168
Q

Which of the following involves the use of highly concentrated, non-oily, and volatile essential oils?

A

Aromatherapy

169
Q

Paraffin wax treatments are designed to trap moisture in the skin while the _________ encourages skin pores to accepts its benefits.

A

heat

170
Q

Avoid paraffin treatments on anyone who has __________ or skin irritations such as cuts, burns, rashes ,warts, or eczema.

A

impaired circulation

171
Q

_______ is a petroleum by product that has excellent sealing properties (barrier qualities) to hold moisture in the skin.

A

Parraffin

172
Q

When performing a basic manicure, it is recommended that you start with the _________

A

little finger on the client’s left hand.

173
Q

The second step in a preservice procedure is to ____________.

A

rinse implements and wash with soap, a nail brush, and warm water.

174
Q

In preparation for a hand massage, apply massage lotion or cream and distribute enough to allow movement across the skin without resistance or _________

A

skin drag

175
Q

The third step in a post service procedure is to ________

A

escort client to front desk and schedule next appointment.

176
Q

The drying time after a nail polish application should be _______ minimum.

A

10 minutes.

177
Q

How long should you allow the paraffin to remain on the client’s hands during a paraffin wax treatment?

A

5-10 minutes

Nails Technology Exam Review (7 decks)

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