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Psychology of Language > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anaphor

A

A word or phrase that refers back to a previously mentioned entity in the discourse

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2
Q

Anaphora

A

The process of an anaphor referring back to an antecedent

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3
Q

Antecedent

A

The entity in a discourse that an anaphor refers back to

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4
Q

Backchannels

A

Signals like “mhmm” and “uhhuh” from the listener that indicate engagement and encourage the speaker to continue

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5
Q

Beat

A

The average time it takes to produce a syllable, as set by the speaking rate of the last turn

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6
Q

Bridging inference

A

The use of logic or real-word experience to fill in gaps in a discourse

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7
Q

Category anaphor

A

A noun phrase anaphor that names the category that the antecedent is a member of

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8
Q

Coherence

A

The use of schemas and logical relations to bind the sentences of a discourse together

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9
Q

Cohesion

A

The use of linguistic devices to tie together the sentences of a discourse

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10
Q

Common ground

A

The pool of information that all participants of a conversation share

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11
Q

Conversational fillers

A

Words like “uh” and “um” that are semantically empty but are used to signal planning difficulties

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12
Q

Cooperative principle

A

The proposal that speakers should follow social norms to tailor their utterances to fit the current needs of the conversation

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13
Q

Cospeech gestures

A

Hand movements that speakers make as they talk

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14
Q

Decontextualization

A

The distancing of thought, language and behavior from the current situation

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15
Q

Developmental language delay

A

A condition marked by a slower than normal development of expressive language during the first few years of life even though hearing, motor, and cognitive functions are otherwise in the normal range

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16
Q

Ellipsis

A

The deletion of sentence elements that can be inferred from context

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17
Q

Endogenous oscillators

A

Neural circuits that fire at regular intervals and thus serve as internal timekeepers for the brain

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18
Q

Entrainment

A

The synchronization of rhythmic behavior in social interaction

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19
Q

Episode

A

The fundamental building block of a story

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20
Q

Executive functions

A

Memory allocation, planning, inhibition, and other cognitive processes necessary for guiding intentional behavior

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21
Q

Face

A

The personal need to be viewed as competent and to have one’s actions unimpeded by others

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22
Q

Givenness

A

The degree to which an antecedent is likely to be within the memory and attention span of the listener

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23
Q

Gricean Maxims

A

Aspects of a speaker’s utterance that the listener attends to in deciding whether to accept the statement at face value

24
Q

Iconic gesture

A

A movement of one or both upper limbs to imitate an action

25
Q

Illocution

A

The speaker’s intended meaning behind the utterance

26
Q

Indexical gesture

A

A movement of an upper limb to point out a referent in a conversation

27
Q

Indirect speech act

A

An utterance whose literal and intended messages are not the same

28
Q

Interlocutors

A

The participants in a conversation

29
Q

Lexical bias

A

A tendency among children to rely on the literal meaning of an utterance even when prosody strongly suggests a nonliteral meaning

30
Q

Locution

A

The literal meaning of the utterance

31
Q

Narrative

A

A form of discourse in which one participant dominates as the active speaker while the other participants assume passive roles as listeners

32
Q

Overlaps

A

Instances when multiple interlocutors speak at the same time

33
Q

Perlocution

A

The listener’s perception of the speaker’s intended meaning

34
Q

Perturbation paradigm

A

An experimental procedure that disrupts normal infant-caregiver interaction to observe the infant’s response

35
Q

Pragmatic language impairment

A

A developmental disorder in which a child has structural language skills intact but still experiences difficulties with the social and contextual aspects of discourse, such as inferring nonliteral meanings of utterances

36
Q

Pragmatics

A

The various ways in which context contributes to the meaning of a discourse

37
Q

Predicitive inference

A

An expectation of what comes next in a discourse based on the sequence of events so far

38
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The most forward area of the frontal lobe, known to be responsible for executive functioning

39
Q

Principle of no gaps/no overlaps

A

The tendency to avoid leaving a noticeable silence between turns of a conversation and to instead begin a new turn before the current turn is finished

40
Q

Privileged ground

A

Information that one interlocutor knows but the other one doesn’t

41
Q

Reference

A

The process of using a word or phrase to represent an entity

42
Q

Referent

A

The entity that is being represented by a particular word or phrase

43
Q

Referring expression

A

A word or phrase that is used to represent a particular entity or event

44
Q

Relevance theory

A

The proposal that speakers strive for a balance between providing too much and too little information in choosing referring expressions

45
Q

Repeated name penalty

A

A delay in processing when the same referring expression is used on multiple consecutive occasions in a narrative

46
Q

Scalar implicature

A

A listener’s inference that a speaker’s use of a weaker term means that a stronger term is not true

47
Q

Schema

A

A mental framework for organizing out understanding of how some aspect of the world works

48
Q

Situation model

A

A mental representation of the entities and events in a story and how they are related

49
Q

Speech act theory

A

The position that the value of an utterance lies not in the literal meaning of its words but rather in the intention of the speaker and the effect it has on the listener

50
Q

Story grammar

A

The framework guiding the presentation of events and characters in a narrative

51
Q

Talk-in-interaction

A

The spontaneous speech people use as they engage in joint activities

52
Q

Theory of mind

A

The ability to make inferences about the mental states and intentions of others

53
Q

Transition relevance place

A

A point in the conversation where the listener can expect the current speaker to end a turn

54
Q

Turn-constructional unit

A

A syntactic structure, ranging from a single word to a sentence, that can make up a turn in a conversation

55
Q

Unheralded pronoun

A

A pronoun without an antecedent

56
Q

Zero anaphora

A

The case in which no overt anaphor is used even though an anaphoric reference can easily be inferred

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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