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Psychology of Language > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A
  • Explanation for a set of observations
  • Systematic body of ideas about a particular topic
  • Predicts future observations
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2
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • Prediction derived from a theory
  • Prediction regarding outcome of a study
  • Involves at least two variables
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3
Q

Falsifiability criterion

A

Predictions that can be disconfirmed by data

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4
Q

Can never prove a theory true

A

but it can be proven false

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5
Q

Theory that cannot be falsified

A

cannot be considered scientific

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6
Q

Induction

A
  • Specific examples to general statements

- Observation to theory

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7
Q

Deduction

A
  • General statements to specific examples

- Theory to hypothesis

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8
Q

STM capacity as number of items (Miller, 1956)

A

~7 items in STM

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9
Q

STM capacity as length of time (Baddeley et. al, 1975)

A

~2 seconds of information in STM

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10
Q

Naturalistic observation (Goal: Description)

A

Process of observing and describing a phenomenon

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11
Q

Correlation (Goal: Prediction)

A

Mathematical technique that seeks patterns in data

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12
Q

Experimental method (Goal: Explanation)

A

Means for systematically testing hypotheses in controlled situations

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13
Q

Model

A

Simplified version of phenomenon under study (ex. graph, set of equations, computer program)

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14
Q

Model and theory

A

Good model lends plausibility to theory

Only data can support or falsify a theory

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15
Q

Construct

A

Label given to set of observations that seem to be related

Memory, attention, intelligence, personality, language

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16
Q

Operational definition

A

Defines construct in terms of how it is measured
(Intelligence -> score on test)
(Short-term memory capacity-> digit span)

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17
Q

Validity

A

Degree to which instrument measures what it is clamed to measure

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18
Q

Reliability

A

Degree to which instrument gives consistent measurements for recurring thing

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19
Q

Experiment

A
  • Tightly controlled situation designed to test a hypothesis

- Comparison between two groups that are treated differently

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20
Q

Bransford and Johnson (1972)

A

Hypothesis: Context aids ambiguous story comprehension
Method: Group A sees picture, hears story; Group B hears story, no picture

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21
Q

Experimental condition

A

Group that is given treatment to test hypothesis

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22
Q

Control condition

A

Group that is not given treatment to provide baseline for comparison

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

Various types of treatment given to different groups in experiment

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24
Q

Dependent variable

A

Measurement of response each participant makes to the treatment

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25
Between-subjects design
Assigns each participant to only one condition
26
Within-subjects design
Assigns each participant to every condition
27
Hypothesis testing
- Hypothesis predicts a difference between groups | - Test hypothesis by comparing group means
28
Experimentation process
- Formulate hypothesis - Design procedure - Analyze data - Interpret results
29
Latency (Reaction time)
Difference in time between presentation of stimulus and initiation of response
30
Accuracy
Percentage of correct responses
31
Error rate
Percentage of incorrect responses
32
Nonword
Pronounceable letter string that is not a word in English
33
Lexical decision task
Participant sees a string of letters, decided ASAP if it is a word
34
Priming
- Implicit memory process | - Recall enhanced due to previous exposure
35
Immediate recall (STM)
NO TIME LAPSE between stimulus and response
36
Delayed recall (LTM)
TIME LAPSE OF SEVERAL MINUTES OR MORE between stimulus and response
37
Free recall
Repeat items in ANY ORDER
38
Serial recall
Repeat items in EXACT ORDER
39
Primacy and recency effects
- FIRST and LAST items BEST RECALLED | - MIDDLE items LEAST RECALLED
40
Implicit learning
Outside of conscious awareness
41
Saccade
Quick movement of eyes while reading
42
Fixation
Momentary gaze of eyes on single location
43
Regression
Movement of eyes back to previously viewed location
44
Brainstem (medulla, pons)
Interior portion of brain, regulates body functions
45
Cerebellum
Behind brainstem, coordinates movement
46
Corpus callosum
Band of axons that connect left and right hemispheres
47
Cerebral cortex
Outer covering of forebrain, mental functions giving rise to consciousness
48
Frontal lobe
Front of head, motor movement, planning and decision making
49
Parietal lobeq
Top of head, monitors body position, navigation through space
50
Occipital lobe
Back of head, processes visual input
51
Temporal lobe
Side of head, processes auditory input, object recognition
52
Lateralization
- Some cognitive functions processes mainly in one hemisphere - Traditional language areas in left hemisphere
53
Broca's area
Left frontal lobe, speech production
54
Broca's aphasia
Halting, effortful speech, good comprehension
55
Wernicke's area
Left temporal lobe, speech perception
56
Wernicke's aphasia
"Word salad" speech production, poor comprehension
57
Subcortical structires
Structures below cerebral cortex
58
Hippocampus
Temporal lobe, memory and learning
59
Amygdala
Temporal lobe, emotion and memory
60
Basal ganglia
Base of forebrain, procedural learning and routine actions
61
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Records voltage fluctuations at scalp
62
Event-related potential (ERP)
Waveform extracted from EEG, signifies cognitive process
63
Components
A specific ERP waveform that is tied to a particular cognitive process
64
N400
Component signaling semantic anomaly
65
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Track mildly radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream
66
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Uses magnetic properties to track blood flow

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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