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Psychology of Language > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Active voice

A

A sentence structure in which the agent is mapped onto the subject position

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2
Q

Agent

A

The entity that causes the event portrayed in a sentence to occur

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3
Q

Agreement

A

A set of syntactic devices for linking related elements within and between sentences

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4
Q

Canonical word order

A

The typical sequence of sentence elements

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5
Q

Clause

A

A simple sentence that is part of a larger complex sentence

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6
Q

Cleft sentence

A

A syntactic structure that attaches an introductory clause to the beginning of a sentence for the purpose of highlighting one of the participants in the event

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7
Q

Cloze probability

A

The likelihood that a person will complete a sentence with a particular word

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8
Q

Collocation

A

A sequence of words that frequently go together

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9
Q

Connectionist network

A

A computer program that models statistical learning

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10
Q

Constraint-based model

A

The proposal that syntactic analysis and semantic interpretation occur simultaneously and influence each other

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11
Q

Dative construction

A

A syntactic structure that entails the meaning of doing something for the benefit of someone else

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12
Q

Garden path model

A

A two-staged model of sentence processing in which syntactic analysis precedes semantic interpretation

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13
Q

Garden path sentence

A

A sentence that deviates significantly from expected structure, making it difficult to process

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14
Q

Heuristic

A

A mental shortcut to problem solving that usually, but not always, gives the correct answer

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15
Q

Hierarchical structure in advance planning

A

A programming approach that makes a general plan at the highest level while restricting the scope of planning at lower levels

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16
Q

High attachment

A

The parsing strategy of attaching a prepositional phrase to the verb

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17
Q

Incremental model

A

A model in which the processing at one step is still underway when the processing at the next step begins

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18
Q

Intonational phrase boundary

A

A prosodic cue consisting of a change of pitch, usually downward, and a lengthening of the final syllable that signals the end of a syntactic phrase

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19
Q

Irreversible sentence

A

A sentence that no longer makes real-word sense if the agent and patient swap subject and object positions

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20
Q

Late closure

A

A syntactic parsing strategy that continues to add new words to the current structure unless there is sufficient evidence that a new structure should begin

21
Q

Late language emergence

A

A condition in which children are initially delayed in language development but eventually catch up with their peers

22
Q

Lexical boost

A

An increase in syntactic priming when the verb is repeated between the prime and target sentences

23
Q

Lexical bootstrapping

A

The ability use word meanings to make inferences about syntactic structure

24
Q

Low attachment

A

The parsing strategy of attaching a prepositional phrase to the object

25
Q

Mean length of utterance

A

The standard measure of children’s syntactic complexity

26
Q

N400

A

A negative-going ERP waveform that begins about 400 milliseconds after a semantically inconsistent stimulus is presented

27
Q

Number of different words

A

A common measure of the child’s productive vocabulary

28
Q

Overgeneralization

A

The treatment of irregular words as if they were regularly inflected

29
Q

P600

A

A positive-going ERP waveform that starts about 600 milliseconds after a syntactically inconsistent stimulus is presented

30
Q

Parallel model

A

A model in which the processing at one step occurs simultaneously with the same processing at other steps

31
Q

Passive voice

A

A sentence structure in which the patient is mapped onto the subject position

32
Q

Patient

A

The entity that is acted upon in the event that is portrayed in a sentence

33
Q

Poverty-of-the-stimulus argument

A

The position that the linguistic input children receive is insufficient for them to learn the language

34
Q

Prosodic bootstrapping

A

A hypothesis proposing that infants use intonation and stress patterns to infer phrase and word boundaries. The use of prosodic patterns to identify syntactic structure

35
Q

Reduced relative clause

A

A kind of embedded syntactic structure that allows for the economy of expression but can be extremely difficult to process in some cases

36
Q

Referential priming

A

An experimental procedure in which the participant is first shown only one of the items of a visual display before the full display is presented

37
Q

Relative clause

A

A sentence that is placed inside of another sentence for the purpose of describing a noun

38
Q

Repetition suppression

A

A reduction in brain activity when a syntactically primed sentence is processed

39
Q

Reversible sentence

A

A sentence that still makes sense, nut with a different meaning, if the agent and patient swap subject and object positions

40
Q

Revision

A

A disruption of speech that changes the syntactic structure of the utterance

41
Q

Scrambling

A

The syntactic process of putting the object before the subject

42
Q

Sentence-picture matching task

A

A procedure in which the respondent selects from a set of pictures that one that is described by the prompt sentence

43
Q

Serial model

A

A model in which all of the processing at one step needs to be completed before moving on to the next step

44
Q

Stall

A

A disruption of speech that does not change the syntactic structure of the utterance

45
Q

Syntactic priming

A

The tendency to repeat a previously heard sentence structure

46
Q

Syntax

A

A set of rules for ordering words in a sentence

47
Q

Thematic role assignment

A

The mapping of thematic roles onto syntactic positions such as subject and object

48
Q

Thematic roles

A

The various types of participants involved in an event portrayed in a sentence

49
Q

Usage-based framework

A

The position that the child uses general cognitive mechanisms like pattern detection and categorization to gradually build an understanding of the grammar of the language

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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