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Psychology of Language > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Frequency

A

Number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a given amount of time
(Pitch)

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2
Q

Amplitude

A

Amount of change a wave undergoes in one cycle

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3
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

Lowest frequency produced by vibrating object

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4
Q

Overtones

A

Higher frequencies produced by vibrating object

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5
Q

Timbre

A

The psychological perception of sound wave complexity

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6
Q

Periodic sound (Vowels)

A
  • Regularly repeating pattern
  • Produced by vibrating object
  • Perceived as ringing or musical
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7
Q

Aperiodic sound (Consonants)

A
  • No regularly repeating pattern
  • Produced by collisions or friction
  • Perceived as noise
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8
Q

Cochlea (“concha”)

A

Organ of auditory sensation (inner ear)

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9
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Extends inside cochlea, undulated in vibrating fluid of cochlea

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10
Q

Hair cells

A

Specialized cells of basilar membrane, sensitive to difference frequencies

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11
Q

Tonotopic organization

A

Progressive arrangement of cells sensitive to different frequencies

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12
Q

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

Superior temporal lobe, initial processing of input from cochlea

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13
Q

Coarticulation

A
  • Overlapping phonemes in the speech stream

- Preceding or following consonant modifies vowel formants

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14
Q

Plosives

A

b & p, d & t, g & k

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15
Q

Aspiration

A

Puff of air accompanying the release of some plosives

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16
Q

Voice onset time (VOT)

A

Difference between release of plosive (consonant) and beginning of vocal fold vibration (vowel)

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17
Q

Categorical perception

A

Continuously changing stimuli perceived as belonging to discrete sets

18
Q

Phonemic restorarion

A

Filling in missing segments of speech stream with contextually appropriate material

19
Q

Multimodal perception

A

Senses strongly interact to produce rich experience of world

20
Q

McGurk effect

A

Speech perception combines both auditory and visual information

21
Q

High-amplitude sucking technique

A
  • Measures frequency of sucking on non-nutritive nipple

- Changes in frequency indicate discrimination of stimuli

22
Q

Newborns prefer

A
  • Mother’s voice
  • Mother’s language (spoken by another woman)
  • Familiar nursery rhyme (heard in the womb)
23
Q

Infant-directed speech (Motherese/caregiver speech)

A

Way of speaking to infants, attracting their attention, helping them learn language

24
Q

Prefer infant-directed speech because

A

of its acoustic qualities and its features are clearer and more exaggerated

25
Q

Prosodic bootstrapping

A

Infants use intonation and stress patterns to infer phrase and word boundaries

26
Q

Most multisyllabic words in English begin on a

A

stressed syllable

27
Q

Metrical segmentation strategy

A

rule of thumb assuming English words begin on a stressed syllable

28
Q

Transitional probability

A

The likelihood that a particular event will occur next given the current event

29
Q

Perceptual narrowing

A

Process of transitioning from more universal or unconstrained perceptual abilities to those that are more narrow or constrained

30
Q

Distributional learning

A

Tracking of the frequency and location of various sounds in the speech stream

31
Q

Lack of invariance

A

No reliable relationship between phoneme and acoustic signal

32
Q

Motor theory

A

People perceive speech by inferring articulatory gestures, not analyzing the speech stream

33
Q

Nativism

A

View that behavior is mainly shaped by natural selection, encoded in genes

34
Q

Language acquisition device (Chomsky, 1959)

A
  • Specialized processing units in the brain

- Guide rapid development of language in infants

35
Q

Module (Fodor, 1983)

A

Dedicated neural system evolved to perform a specific function

36
Q

Speech is special (Liberman, 1982, 1996)

A

View of speech perception as distinct from general auditory perception

37
Q

Reasons for this idea:

A
  • Speech perception and production are uniquely human abilities
  • Processed via the motor system
  • Objects of speech perception were the intended vocal tract gestures
38
Q

General auditory framework

A

Speech perception operates by same mechanisms that have evolved for perceiving environmental sounds

39
Q

Fuzzy-logical model of perception

A

Perceptual decisions made by matching relative goodness of sensory inputs to prototypes in memory

40
Q

Direct realism

A
  • Newer form of motor theory
  • Sensory input sufficiently rich, allows us to completely recover object of perception
  • Rejects “speech is special”
41
Q

Mirror neurons

A
  • Neurons in primates that fire when perceiving or performing task
  • Links perceptual and motor systems

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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